Mathematics

A natural consequence of the fractional calculus is its extension to a matrix order of differentiation and integration. A matrix-order derivative definition and a matrix-order integration arise from the generalization of the gamma function applied to the fractional differintegration definition. This work focuses on some results applied to the Riemann-Liouville version of the fractional calculus extended to its matrix-order concept. This extension also may apply to other versions of fractional calculus. Some examples of possible ordinary and partial matrix-order differential equations and related exact solutions are shown.

One of the questions of distribution of prime numbers is considered in the article. It is shown what error is obtained from the assumption that the asymptotic density of a sequence of primes is a probability. Various forms of an analogue of the law of large numbers for arithmetic functions and, in particular, the Hardy-Ramunajan theorem are obtained. A method is given for finding asymptotics of the probabilistic characteristics of arithmetic functions.

Theory of representations of universal algebra is a natural development of the theory of universal algebra. In the book, I considered representation of universal algebra, diagram of representations and examples of representation. Morphism of the representation is the map that conserve the structure of the representation. Exploring of morphisms of the representation leads to the concepts of generating set and basis of representation.

In 1916, F.S. Macaulay developed specific localization techniques for dealing with "unmixed polynomial ideals" in commutative algebra, transforming them into what he called "inverse systems" of partial differential equations. In 1970, D.C. Spencer and coworkers studied the formal theory of such systems, using methods of homological algebra that were giving rise to "differential homological algebra", replacing unmixed polynomial ideals by "pure differential modules". The use of "extension modules" and "differential double duality" is essential for such a purpose. In particular, 0-pure differential modules are torsion-free and admit an "absolute parametrization" by means of arbitrary potential like functions. In 2012, we have been able to extend this result to arbitrary pure modules, introducing a "relative parametrization" where the potentials should satisfy compatible "differential constraints". We recently discovered that General Relativity is just a way to parametrize the Cauchy stress equations by means of the formal adjoint of the Ricci operator in order to obtain a "minimum parametrization" by adding sufficiently many compatible differential constraints, exactly like the Lorenz condition in electromagnetism. These unusual purely mathematical results are illustrated by many explicit examples and even strengthen the comments we recently provided on the mathematical foundations of General Relativity and Gauge Theory.

In this paper, we analyze the existing rules for constructing derivatives of the scalar and tensor functions of the tensor argument with respect to the tensor argument and the theoretical positions underlying the construction of these rules. We perform a comparative analysis of these rules and the results obtained in the framework of these rules. Considering the existing approaches, we pay due attention to the earliest of them which for some reason is not reflected in later publications on the issue under consideration, and we give to this approach the further development.We discuss the rules for differentiation of tensor functions of the tensor argument and derivatives obtained in the publications of other authors and examine them for compliance with the construction rules and derivatives obtained in this article.

In this survey we discuss derivatives of the Wright functions (of the first and the second kind) with respect to parameters. Differentiation of these functions leads to infinite power series with coefficient being quotients of the digamma (psi) and gamma functions. Only in few cases it is possible to obtain the sums of these series in a closed form. Functional form of the power series resembles those derived for the Mittag-Leffler functions. If the Wright functions are treated as the generalized Bessel functions, differentiation operations can be expressed in terms of the Bessel functions and their derivatives with respect to the order. It is demonstrated that in many cases it is possible to derive the explicit form of the Mittag-Leffler functions by performing simple operations with the Laplace transforms of the Wright functions. The Laplace transform pairs of the both kinds of the Wright functions are discussed for particular values of the parameters. Some transform pairs serve to obtain functional limits by applying the shifted Dirac delta function.

The aim of this very short note is to relate the directed paths in R n ⟶ to the irreversible paths in R n ir . We first show that there is a directed path from x to y in R n ⟶ iff there exists an irreversible path with same initial and terminal points in R n ir . Also, we prove that every directed path in R n ⟶ is an irreversible path in R n ir .

A route to evaluate exact sums represented by Dirichlet eta and beta functions, both of which are alternating and divergent at negative integer arguments, is advocated. It rests on precise polynomial extrapolations and stands as a generalization of an early endeavor on lattice sums. Apart from conferring a physical meaning to anti-limits, the scheme advanced here is direct, independent and computationally appealing. A new interpretation of summability is also gained.

We define the derivative of an integer to be the map sending every prime to 1 and satisfying the Leibniz rule. The aim of this article is to calculate the Dirichlet product of this map with a function arithmetic multiplicative.

We evaluate several classes of high weight hypergeometric series via Gamma, polylogarithm and elliptic integrals, mainly through distribution relations.