A brief network analysis of Artificial Intelligence publication
AA brief network analysis of Artificial Intelligence publication
Yunpeng Li a , Jie Liu a , Yong Deng a,b, ∗ a School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China b School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
Abstract
In this paper, we present an illustration to the history of Artificial Intelligence(AI) with a statisti-cal analysis of publish since 1940. We collected and mined through the IEEE publish data base toanalysis the geological and chronological variance of the activeness of research in AI. The con-nections between di ff erent institutes are showed. The result shows that the leading communityof AI research are mainly in the USA, China, the Europe and Japan. The key institutes, authorsand the research hotspots are revealed. It is found that the research institutes in the fields like Data Mining , Computer Vision , Pattern Recognition and some other fields of
Machine Learning are quite consistent, implying a strong interaction between the community of each field. It is alsoshowed that the research of
Electronic Engineering and Industrial or Commercial applicationsare very active in California. Japan is also publishing a lot of papers in robotics. Due to the lim-itation of data source, the result might be overly influenced by the number of published articles,which is to our best improved by applying network keynode analysis on the research communityinstead of merely count the number of publish.
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Network Analysis, Keyword Network
1. Introduction
Artificial Intelligence has been a long-pursuing goal of scientists, technicians and even novel-ists and philosophers long before the birth of electronic computer[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. But it is until the ∗ Corresponding author: Yong Deng, School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China. Email address: [email protected], [email protected]. Tel / Fax:(86-23)68254555.
Preprint submitted to Elsevier November 26, 2013 a r X i v : . [ c s . A I] N ov ? ]and short histories[5] has published to give brief summary of thedevelopment of AI. Most of such reviews are made by the witness of the big things[1]. In thispaper, we present an illustrative review of the history of Artificial Intelligence(AI) by statisticallyanalysing the publish over the past 73 years. Many resources of online publish data base has beenconsidered before choosing the IEEE Xplore as the unique data recourse of the research. 610,051articles are returned responding to our query, which occupies 1 / ffi liations and keywords are the main fields in our analysis. Then we builda coauthor network of authors as the fundament of our analysis. The coreness of each author iscaculated (to be added). The importance in research of each institute and country is based on theauthors’ coreness in them(to be added).By clustering the keywords network which is derived from the co-occurring relations ofthe keywords, a keyword-to-field table is made as the fundament of the by-field analysis. It isshowed that while the research in Data Mining , Pattern Recognition , Computer Vision and
Ma-chine Learning are quite consistent,
Electronic Engineering , Robots and application-orientatedresearches are highly centralized.
2. The method
The data applied in this research is retrieved via
IEEE Xplore
XML search API at[12, 13]. Wechoose IEEE API because it is su ffi ciently representative, abundant in volume and convenient foruse. Most of other scholar APIs we have also referred to can be found at http: // libguides.mit.edu / apis.The raw data was allocated with a query word of ”AI”, ” Data Mining ”, ”Natural Language Pro-cessing” and synonyms in the field of title and keywords (including Thesaurus Terms, InspectControlled Terms and Index Terms, see definitions at http: // ieeexplore.ieee.org / gateway / ). As of2ct. 15, 2013, the query returned 610,051 results of the 3,563,516 articles in IEEE data base.The total volume of the XML reply files is 1.39 GB.Then the raw data is processed with R. Unnecessary symbols like quotes, slashes and dashesare all replaced with blanks. For the scale of consistency, all the ”and” are replaced with symbol&. All the ”the”, no matter leading or not, are eliminated. All the ”at” are also eliminatedbecause they are often placed between the name of a university and the location of the campus,and might be left out in other cases which causes duplication. Leading, tailing and duplicatedblanks are eliminated. All abbreviations and acronyms occurring 10 times or above are rewritten,like, among which the most popular abbreviation ”Univ.”, is rewritten as ”University”. Somesynonyms are also unified. For instance, ”University of California” are replaced with ”CaliforniaUniversity”.Besides structuralizing and calibrating the meta data, we also applied some text mining pro-cesses to excavate the a ffi liation (university, institute or company) and geological information(city, state, postcode and nation) of each author for further analysis. Since each paper is relatedto one or more authors but only one a ffi liation, we associated this a ffi liation information with thefirst author. Then we aggregated the geological information of all the authors in certain organiza-tion to get the geological information of the organization itself. Typically the needed informationis the most frequent non-empty string of such field. However ,in order to deal with organizationswith multiple sites (typically universities with di ff erent campuses like California University andNew York University, which has campuses in di ff erent countries), all the cities meeting certainconditions need to be reserved. In this study, to aggregate the city information, we kept the mostfrequent non-empty one, and all others of which the frequency is beyond 5 times and 3 percentof the most frequent one at the same time. Then the state, postcode and nation terms are themost frequent non-empty one of each field in each city. We then adhere the city name at the endof the organization name for secernment. In following processes, di ff erent sites are regarded asindependent entities.Further more, most organizations are then accompanied with their coordinate in order toillustrate some of our results with a map. For 2105 organizations in the US, all coordinatesare queried with google map geocode API. Then 27,715 organizations outside US are matched3ith a coordinate dataset of 257,495 cities all over the world, nation by nation. After theseprocesses, 14,422 organizations are still not matched with coordinates. Then we tried to matchthese organizations with our dataset of cities to the name of the organization. 1350 institutes aresuch matched. Then we processed the rest again with google map API. At this step, 6,546 outof all the 29,820 organizations are matched with its coordinate. Then we reverse geocode thecoordinates to check for validity and to complete nation / state fields. 351 coordinates are foundinconsistent with nations, most of them (35) are at French-Swiss border. We checked them withgoogle map and believe such error is due to the minor mistakes of map at the border. Thesecoordinates are reserved and all others are taken as mistakes and reset to NA.
3. Results
The processed data is then analyzed for revealing trends and connections in AI research.We first build the network of authors with coauthor relationship. For each paper, we build aundirected complete graph of weight 1 between all authors. The links connecting the same pairof nodes are then accumulated. In total, there are 4,954,982 links between 662,762 authors witha total weight of 7,133,757. The distribution of degrees of each author is as following:It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the coauthor network fits the power-law quite well. Thissuggests that the coauthor network is possibly a scale-free complex network.It is also showed in Fig. 1 an abnormal decrease in number of authors with degree of 2 to4. The reason might be that most of the papers are published in a group of 3 rather than 1 or 2.It could be seen that the number of authors in each paper also have a decrease at the beginning,which might be the reason. In this we may conclude that most of research in AI are made up ofthree or more participants.
After getting the coauthor network, we used it to find the cooperation relations betweenorganizations, mainly universities. Generally, Fig. 2 maps the coauthor network to the globe.Each line is the geological big circle ( i.e. the shortest path between two points on the sphere) ofthe linked organizations. From the 4,954,982 coauthor relations between authors, we obtained4
Degree / Number C oun t DegreeNumber
Fig 1. Degree distribution of coauthor network of AI research(o) and distribution of authornumbers of papers ( ∆ ) on a double logarithmic scaleig 2. Global connection of universities, institutes, companies and other research institutes ff erences are more obvious in Fig. 3, which accumulates the links by nation. It is significantthat the United States and China are leading partners of global research cooperations. Japan,although geologically close to China, are more connected to the US and European countriesacademically. With the method to be described in 3.3, we also get maps of activity in each field of AI. Itcould be seen that the research institutes in the fields like
Data Mining , Computer Vision , PatternRecognition and some other fields of
Machine Learning are quite consistent, implying a stronginteraction between the community of each field. The most active research has taken placesin the institutes of the United States, China, Singapore and the United Kingdom. Despite theconsistency, yet a small but interesting di ff erence in such fields is that the activeness in ComputerVision , Pattern Recognition , Data Mining are in descending order for the west countries (theUnited States and England), but ascending for the east countries (China and Singapore). It is alsoclear that the United States is extremely competitive in the research of
Electronic Engineering ,especially for the Californian Institutes, which is also very strong at combining AI with industrialand commercial products. As for
Robots , the United States, especially the northeast corner ofwhich, and Japan are dominating most of the researches, which is not unexpected at all.It is also interesting to statistic the performance of the top researching institutes, mainlyuniversities, and their area of professional. The 20 most active universities in the communityof AI is showed in Fig. 4. It is clearly seen that the California University is the biggest hostto many productive researchers. Best of our e ff ort has been made to clarify the a ffi liation ofthem but due to the incompleted addresses left by many of the researchers, the exact a ffi liationof many of them are still indistinguishable, leaving the California University the biggest host toresearchers. As for followers, Tsinghua University is the most productive institute in AI, if we7ig 3. Global connection of universities, institutes, companies and other research institutesa) Data Mining (b) Computer Vision(c) Pattern Recognition (d) other fields of Machine Learning(e) Robot (f) Electronic Engineering(g) other fields of Computer Science (h) Industrial and Commercial ApplicationsTable 1: global research interest distribution in AIhoose not to take the California University as a single entity. Tsinghua is competitive in almostevery field of AI, only to except Robots and EE, which are dominated by the United Statesand Japan. On the other hand, Carnegie Mellon University, the second productive university inAI, is extremely competitive in
Robots , which, in our statistics, is even stronger than CaliforniaUniversity as a whole. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which ranks the 20th in this list,might be su ff ering an under-representation from the number of the publish.It is also found that the groups of research team are generally much bigger in China andSingapore than in the US etc. Explanations and analysis to be added in the next version. In order to analysis the presentation of entities in di ff erent fields, we need a table to map eachkeyword to a certain subfield of AI. There are some ways to accomplish such procedure likeontology, clustering or just assign the field manually. In this review, we made the classificationvia clustering and then manually checked the result.We monitor the most popular 1000 keywords, and build a network of their correlations. Eachof the keywords of the same paper are linked with an undirected edge of weight 1, then duplicatededges are accumulated. After building the keyword network, which occupies 1000 keywords and542,048 edges with a total weight of 3,716,812, we used the random walk algorithm to detectthe community structure of the network. The hierarchical structure of the monitored keywordsis showed in Fig. 5. Noting that a complete graph of 1000 nodes contains 999,000 edges, thekeyword network contains 54.26% of the complete graph, and holds an average weight of 6.85,implying quite a strongly connected graph.Then we cut the dendrogram at a place to get 50 groups. The groups are manually classi-fied into 8 fields of Data Mining (DM),
Computer Vision (CV),
Pattern Recognition (PR, whichincludes keywords like handwriting recognition which involves both PR and CV), other fieldsof
Machine Learning (ML, mainly general proposed algorithms like Neural Networks, and sup-porting theories like rough set),
Robots (Robot),
Electronic Engineering (EE, mainly micro-electronics and communication), other fields of Computer Science (CS, mainly computer archi-tecture related and programming methodology), and
Application + ..365555555555555555555555555555550204255555555555555555552510ig 4. Top researching universities in AI11reas(application, including industrial and commercial products). The group assignment of 65keywords out of the 1000 are manually corrected.The monitored 1000 keywords are then applied to the dataset to find the main research areaof each author. The activity of each author in certain field is related to the number of publishedarticles in the field. Each paper is assigned to the 8 fields proportionally to its membership ofthe fields according to its keywords. For example, if an article has 10 keywords, 3 of them arein PR, 2 of the rest are in DM, and the rest are not monitored, then we say the article is 0.6 PRand 0.4 DM, which will contribute to the activity in these fields of the author. The monitoredkeywords occupy 20.67 % ( 1,400,000 out of 6,771,660) of the keywords in the dataset. Theactivity of each author is the sum of the fields of all papers the author have ever published.Themost productive authors in each field is listed in Fig. ?? (to be added).With similar processes, we may also find the activity of research by field of institutes, citiesand countries, as is already showed in Section 3.1 and 3.2. With the keyword to field correspondence obtained in Section 3.3, we made a further explo-ration into the hot words in recent 5 years. The 5 year span covers the publish in 2009-2013.As this research is carried out at mid-October, some of the publish in year 2013 might be un-available at the time our data was collected. The result is showed in Fig. 7. It is clearly showedthat technique-neutral words are generally more popular. ”Data Mining”,”Learning”, ”Training”,”Computational Modeling” are all among the hottest 10 keywords. ”Support Vector Machines”,as a technique-specific term, seems to be an exception, which is the 3 rd hottest keyword. ”Fea-ture Extraction”, the 2 nd hottest one, benefiting from the rising attention in Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition , is neither as neutral as DM nor as specific as SVM. Meanwhile the”Educational Institutions” may be a dark horse for the MOOC movement is in full swing.
4. Chronological analysis
Besides the features discussed in section 3, there might be some more inspiring informationbeclouded. While static analysis o ff ers us some overall status of AI research, or what the status12s like, chronological analysis can tell us how it becomes like this. In this section, we divided thedataset of papers by the year it was published, and reapplied some of the analysis carried out in3 to find out how the AI community evolves over the past 73 years (1940-2013). Since the development of ENIAC, EDVAC and Colossus in the 1940s, Artificial Intelligencehas come to more reality than just fantasy. Computers provided a chance to bring the theoreticalpossibilities of intelligent machines.But the annual publish in AI seems not much a ff ected by the events. The publish numberraise exponentially steadily. The annual publish can be fitted with publish = . ∗ exp ( year − .
5. Conclusion and outlook
In this review, a statistical review of the history of AI in publish is presented. The publishin IEEE data base is analyzed to give some holistic analysis of the global research in AI. Wecollected and mined through the IEEE publish data base to analysis the geological and chrono-logical variance of the activeness of research in AI. The connections between di ff erent institutesare showed. The result shows that the leading community of AI research are mainly in the USA,China, the Europe and Japan. The key institutes, authors and the research hotspots are revealed.It is found that the research institutes in the fields like Data Mining , Computer Vision , PatternRecognition and some other fields of
Machine Learning are quite consistent, implying a stronginteraction between the community of each field. It is also showed that the research of
ElectronicEngineering and Industrial or Commercial applications are very active in California. Japan isalso publishing a lot of papers in robotics. Due to the limitation of data source, the result mightbe overly influenced by the number of published articles, which is to our best improved by ap-plying network keynode analysis on the research community instead of merely count the numberof publish. 13 a t a m i n i ng f ea t u r e e x t r a c t i on c o m pu t e r sc i en c e hu m an s l ea r n i ng ( a r t i f i c i a l i n t e lli gen c e ) i n t e r ne t t e s t i ng gene t i c a l go r i t h m s s uppo r t v e c t o r m a c h i ne s edu c a t i ona l i n s t i t u t i on s a r t i f i c i a l i n t e lli gen c e neu r a l ne t w o r ks app li c a t i on s o ft w a r e c on t r o l sys t e m s c o m pu t a t i ona l m ode li ng a l go r i t h m de s i gn and ana l ys i s i m age s eg m en t a t i on c o s t s neu r a l ne t s l abo r a t o r i e s m ob il e r obo t s da t aba s e s r obu s t ne ss ha r d w a r e c o m pu t e r a r c h i t e c t u r e m a t he m a t i c a l m ode l i n f o r m a t i on r e t r i e v a l c o m pu t e r v i s i on pa tt e r n c l a ss i f i c a t i on p r o t o c o l s pa tt e r n r e c ogn i t i on s hape a r t i f i c i a l neu r a l ne t w o r ks s pee c h r e c ogn i t i on na t u r a l l anguage s m on i t o r i ng equa t i on s p r ed i c t i v e m ode l s de c i s i on m a k i ng c o m pu t e r ne t w o r ks f r equen cy c a m e r a s t r a i n i ng s t a t i s t i c a l ana l ys i s c l u s t e r i ng a l go r i t h m s da t a ana l ys i s f u zzy s e t t heo r y op t i m i s a t i on f u zzy l og i c m a c h i ne l ea r n i ng h i dden m a r k o v m ode l s i m age c l a ss i f i c a t i on s o ft w a r e eng i nee r i ng p r obab ili t y f a c e r e c ogn i t i on f u zzy c on t r o l c o m pu t a t i ona l c o m p l e x i t y s i gn a l p r o c e ss i n g pa tt e r n c l u s t e r i ng p r o t o t y pe s de l a y ob j e c t de t e c t i on w i r e l e ss s en s o r ne t w o r ks v e c t o r s p r i n c i pa l c o m ponen t ana l ys i s a cc u r a cy f u zzy sys t e m s i n f o r m a t i on ana l ys i s on t o l og i e s c o m pu t e r a i ded i n s t r u c t i on w eb s e r v i c e s pe r f o r m an c e ana l ys i s k e r ne l e l e c t r on i c m a il i n f o r m a t i on t e c hno l og y na v i ga t i on k no w l edge ba s ed sys t e m s u s e r i n t e r f a c e s l a y ou t un c e r t a i n t y c on v e r gen c e ana l y t i c a l m ode l s sys t e m t e s t i ng f au l t d i agno s i s i m age r e c ogn i t i on l ea r n i ng sys t e m s r obo t s en s i ng s y s t e m s r ea l t i m e sys t e m s i m age r e c on s t r u c t i on e v o l u t i ona r y c o m pu t a t i on r obo t s i n f o r m a t i on sys t e m s t e l e c o mm un i c a t i on t r a ff i c i m age p r o c e ss i ng pe r f o r m an c e e v a l ua t i on f eedba ck da t a m ode l s s t o c ha s t i c p r o c e ss e s au t o m a t i c c on t r o l band w i d t h e x pe r t sys t e m s w a v e l e t t r an s f o r m s adap t i v e c on t r o l neu r on s v i s ua li z a t i on c o ll abo r a t i on de s i gn eng i nee r i ng j a v a s e c u r i t y o f da t a l a r ge − sc a l e sys t e m s m ed i c a l i m age p r o c e ss i ng b i o l og i c a l sys t e m m ode li ng m ob il e c o m pu t i ng on t o l og i e s ( a r t i f i c i a l i n t e lli gen c e ) r e m o t e s en s i ng p r odu c t i on c on t r o l sys t e m sy n t he s i s qua li t y o f s e r v i c e r e s ou r c e m anage m en t d i s t r i bu t ed c o m pu t i ng pa r a ll e l p r o c e ss i ng h i s t o r y m u l t i − agen t sys t e m s i m age c od i ng s w i t c he s s ea r c h p r ob l e m s da t a s t r u c t u r e s pa r a m e t e r e s t i m a t i on ba y e s i an m e t hod s i n s t r u m en t s i n t e lli gen t sys t e m s na t u r a l l anguage p r o c e ss i ng i n f e r en c e m e c han i s m s t e x t ana l ys i s p i x e l i n t e lli gen t ne t w o r ks au t o m a t i on i m age s equen c e s s t a t i s t i cs v o l t age en t r op y x m l i m age r e t r i e v a l m a t he m a t i cs s uppo r t v e c t o r m a c h i ne c l a ss i f i c a t i on g r aph t heo r y i m age ana l ys i s v eh i c l e s op t i m i z a t i on que r y p r o c e ss i ng r ea l − t i m e sys t e m s d i s ea s e s s pa c e t e c hno l og y b i o l og y c o m pu t i ng s o ft w a r e t oo l s f i e l d p r og r a mm ab l e ga t e a rr a ys en c od i ng i t e r a t i v e m e t hod s s t ab ili t y c i t i e s and t o w n s s ea r c h eng i ne s de c i s i on t r ee s i n t e lli gen t r obo t s de t e c t o r s ob j e c t r e c ogn i t i on p r og r a mm i ng c on c u rr en t c o m pu t i ng s e m an t i c w eb f u zzy s e t s t r a i n i ng da t a i m age r e s o l u t i on s pee c h p r o c e ss i ng de c od i ng c on t e x t eng i ne s po l y no m i a l s k no w l edge m anage m en t po w e r sys t e m m ode li ng bu il d i ng s t e c hno l og y m anage m en t s o ft w a r e sys t e m s edu c a t i on p syc ho l og y m ob il e c o mm un i c a t i on p r o t e c t i on pa t h p l ann i ng p r o c e ss c on t r o l s en s o r f u s i on ba ck p r opaga t i on s o ft w a r e v i r t ua l r ea li t y m a r k o v p r o c e ss e s c o m pu t e r sc i en c e edu c a t i on c r y p t og r aph y g r i d c o m pu t i ng s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng a l go r i t h m s c o s t f un c t i on s ili c on sc hedu li ng s pee c h i p ne t w o r ks s o ft w a r e a r c h i t e c t u r e de c i s i on s uppo r t sys t e m s po w e r eng i nee r i ng c o m pu t i ng da t a eng i nee r i ng op t i m i z a t i on m e t hod s s e m an t i cs b i o i n f o r m a t i cs r eg r e ss i on ana l ys i s r ou t i ng i n f o r m a t i on sc i en c e f o r m a l s pe c i f i c a t i on v i deo s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng c o m pan i e s c l a ss i f i c a t i on a l go r i t h m s i m age edge de t e c t i on li b r a r i e s s a m p li ng m e t hod s da t a v i s ua li s a t i on non li nea r c on t r o l sys t e m s geog r aph i c i n f o r m a t i on sys t e m s c ha r a c t e r r e c ogn i t i on i nde x i ng ba y e s m e t hod s c o m pu t e r s deg r ada t i on r obo t k i ne m a t i cs ob j e c t o r i en t ed m ode li ng adap t i v e sys t e m s i n t e lli gen t c on t r o l l og i c a cc e l e r a t i on c on t e x t m ode li ng geo m e t r y s e c u r i t y h i s t og r a m s p r o c e ss o r sc hedu li ng k no w l edge eng i nee r i ng s o li d m ode li ng w eb s i t e s po w e r gene r a t i on s pa t i a l da t aba s e s m u l t il a y e r pe r c ep t r on s sys t e m s eng i nee r i ng and t heo r y i m age c o l ou r ana l ys i s op t i m a l c on t r o l f il t e r s da t a v i s ua li z a t i on i m age m o t i on ana l ys i s k no w l edge r ep r e s en t a t i on gau ss i an p r o c e ss e s he li u m gene t i cs d i g i t a l s i m u l a t i on c o mm un i c a t i on sys t e m c on t r o l c a li b r a t i on heu r i s t i c a l go r i t h m s i m age m a t c h i ng f il t e r i ng neu r o c on t r o ll e r s m o t i on c on t r o l v o c abu l a r y c o m pu t e r s i m u l a t i on p r og r a mm i ng p r o f e ss i on t a r ge t t r a ck i ng pa r t i t i on i ng a l go r i t h m s da t a c o m p r e ss i on b i o m ed i c a l i m ag i ng s en s o r sys t e m s i nde x e s t r a ff i c c on t r o l i n f o r m a t i on s e c u r i t y s o ft w a r e m a i n t enan c e v i s ua l da t aba s e s de s i gn m e t hodo l og y s o ft w a r e agen t s s a f e t y ne t w o r k t opo l og y p r o t e i n s c ogn i t i on g r oup w a r e bu s i ne ss m a x i m u m li k e li hood e s t i m a t i on i n t e r po l a t i on e l e c t r oen c epha l og r aph y p r opo s a l s un i f i ed m ode li ng l anguage ob j e c t − o r i en t ed p r og r a mm i ng r e l a t i ona l da t aba s e s s en s o r s c i r c u i t s e rr o r ana l ys i s e rr o r c o rr e c t i on t e c hno l og i c a l i nno v a t i on m a t r i x a l geb r a t i m i ng r obu s t c on t r o l p r o c e ss de s i gn t r a ck i ng c o ll abo r a t i v e w o r k m o t i on e s t i m a t i on i n f o r m a t i on m anage m en t c o m pu t e r g r aph i cs no i s e m i dd l e w a r e i n t e lli gen t s en s o r s m ed i c a l s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng r obo t i cs and au t o m a t i on e l e c t r on i c c o mm e r c e p r o j e c t m anage m en t r un t i m e i m age da t aba s e s t h r oughpu t c on f e r en c e s ene r g y c on s u m p t i on edu c a t i ona l t e c hno l og y m u l t i m ed i a sys t e m s c o m pu t e r l anguage s r ad i a l ba s i s f un c t i on ne t w o r ks i m age c o l o r ana l ys i s c l o cks i m age r ep r e s en t a t i on d i c t i ona r i e s w r i t i ng pa r t i c l e s w a r m op t i m i s a t i on g r aph i c a l u s e r i n t e r f a c e s e i gen v a l ue s and e i gen f un c t i on s i n t e r a c t i v e sys t e m s c l oud c o m pu t i ng r e s ou r c e a ll o c a t i on k no w l edge a c qu i s i t i on cy be r ne t i cs m anu f a c t u r i ng t opo l og y ub i qu i t ou s c o m pu t i ng s t r ea m i ng m ed i a hu m an c o m pu t e r i n t e r a c t i on r obo t v i s i on i t e r a t i v e a l go r i t h m s d y na m i c p r og r a mm i ng s e r v e r s po s i t i on c on t r o l i m age t e x t u r e c ond i t i on m on i t o r i ng c an c e r l egged l o c o m o t i on g l oba l po s i t i on i ng sys t e m m ed i c a l c o m pu t i ng da t a p r i v a cy s pee c h sy n t he s i s li gh t i ng da t a a c qu i s i t i on r i sk m anage m en t d i s t r i bu t ed p r o c e ss i ng m a c h i ne l ea r n i ng a l go r i t h m s d i s p l a ys s u r v e ill an c e m on t e c a r l o m e t hod s t e m pe r a t u r e c i r c u i t t e s t i ng f a c e de t e c t i on t e l e c o mm un i c a t i on c o m pu t i ng i n t e lli gen t agen t r e s ea r c h and de v e l op m en t da t a s e c u r i t y m a i n t enan c e eng i nee r i ng r e li ab ili t y s o ft w a r e qua li t y c on t r a c t s e s t i m a t i on de s i gn op t i m i z a t i on t i m e s e r i e s un s upe r v i s ed l ea r n i ng i n f o r m a t i cs edu c a t i ona l c ou r s e s po w e r gene r a t i on e c ono m i cs f il t e r i ng t heo r y i n s pe c t i on au t o m a t i c t e s t i ng pa r t i c l e s w a r m op t i m i z a t i on v e r y l a r ge sc a l e i n t eg r a t i on t r a j e c t o r y c o rr e l a t i on pa tt e r n ana l ys i s po w e r eng i nee r i ng and ene r g y f eed f o r w a r d neu r a l ne t s m ili t a r y c o m pu t i ng j o i n i ng p r o c e ss e s p r og r a mm ab l e c on t r o l f o r m a l v e r i f i c a t i on s en s o r pheno m ena and c ha r a c t e r i z a t i on m an i pu l a t o r s boo ks t ea c h i ng f u zzy neu r a l ne t s r oad s c hao s w eb page s pe t r i ne t s r obo t v i s i on sys t e m s da t aba s e m anage m en t sys t e m s m ea s u r e m en t sc a l ab ili t y s a t e lli t e s go v e r n m en t i n f o r m a t i on f il t e r i ng m u l t i m ed i a c o mm un i c a t i on s un hu m an f a c t o r s pa tt e r n m a t c h i ng t i m e m ea s u r e m en t pa r a ll e l p r og r a mm i ng c o m pu t a t i ona l geo m e t r y pee r t o pee r c o m pu t i ng c i r c u i t s i m u l a t i on eng i nee r i ng m anage m en t ph ys i cs s i gna l ana l ys i s hand w r i t i ng r e c ogn i t i on a v a il ab ili t y k a l m an f il t e r s edge de t e c t i on p r ob l e m − s o l v i ng pa ck ag i ng au s t r a li a l og i s t i cs ope r a t i ng sys t e m s t e l ephon y s e t t heo r y open sys t e m s de s i gn au t o m a t i on s t anda r d s l ea s t s qua r e s app r o x i m a t i on s ad ho c ne t w o r ks c o m pu t e r i ndu s t r y s e r v i c e r obo t s c o m pu t a t i ona l i n t e lli gen c e a ss e m b l y m ob il e hand s e t s i n t e r f e r en c e r ende r i ng ( c o m pu t e r g r aph i cs ) c i r c u i t f au l t s i n v e s t m en t s f u zzy neu r a l ne t w o r ks po w e r sys t e m s g r aph i cs e m bedded sys t e m s m ed i c a l s e r v i c e s s i m u l a t ed annea li ng s t a t e e s t i m a t i on s o c i a l ne t w o r k i ng ( on li ne ) li nea r p r og r a mm i ng p r odu c t i on eng i nee r i ng c o m pu t i ng ne t w o r k s e r v e r s i ndependen t c o m ponen t ana l ys i s m u l t i agen t sys t e m s neu r oph ys i o l og y f a c e v i deo c od i ng ga m e t heo r y w i r e l e ss c o mm un i c a t i on au t o m a t a i n t r u s i on de t e c t i on e l e c t r ode s e l e c t r o c a r d i og r aph y o r b i t a l r obo t i cs s e r v i c e o r i en t ed a r c h i t e c t u r e s o ft w a r e t e s t i ng s i gna l t o no i s e r a t i o hu m ano i d r obo t s c on t r o l eng i nee r i ng c o m pu t i ng t r an s po r t a t i on t r ee s ( m a t he m a t i cs ) a r t f au l t de t e c t i on ga m e s r ou t i ng p r o t o c o l s pa r a ll e l a l go r i t h m s s t a t e − s pa c e m e t hod s i n f o r m a t i on r e s ou r c e s c on c r e t e u s a c oun c il s t h r ee − t e r m c on t r o l r obo t c on t r o l d i s t r i bu t ed da t aba s e s a ss o c i a t i on r u l e s i n f o r m a t i on p r o c e ss i ng de l a y e ff e c t s pa r a ll e l a r c h i t e c t u r e s r e m o t e l y ope r a t ed v eh i c l e s e c ono m i cs j ob s hop sc hedu li ng m ed i c a l d i agno s t i c i m ag i ng sy n t he t i c ape r t u r e r ada r p r odu c t i v i t y s e l f − o r gan i s i ng f ea t u r e m ap s i m age s en s o r s en v i r on m en t a l m anage m en t au t hen t i c a t i on f au l t t o l e r an c e v o l t age c on t r o l f u zzy r ea s on i ng s pee c h ana l ys i s m a c h i ne v i s i on non li nea r sys t e m s i ndu c t i on m o t o r s s pe c i f i c a t i on l anguage s no i s e m ea s u r e m en t r ad i o f r equen cy f a il u r e ana l ys i s i m pedan c e w a t e r m a r k i ng r o t o r s l abe li ng pe r s onne l a c t ua t o r s l og i c de s i gn m anage m en t i n f o r m a t i on sys t e m s v l s i be li e f ne t w o r ks en v i r on m en t a l e c ono m i cs po w e r sys t e m r e li ab ili t y bu s i ne ss da t a p r o c e ss i ng p r obab ili t y d i s t r i bu t i on w i r e l e ss l an d i sc r e t e w a v e l e t t r an s f o r m s t r an s f e r f un c t i on s po w e r sys t e m ana l ys i s c o m pu t i ng c o m p l e x i t y t heo r y s o c i a l ne t w o r k s e r v i c e s c u rr en t m ea s u r e m en t iii−v semiconductors t e l e c o mm un i c a t i on s e c u r i t y b i o l og i c a l c e ll s a cc e ss p r o t o c o l s s t r e ss c on t en t ba s ed r e t r i e v a l p r og r a m t e s t i ng m a t r i x de c o m po s i t i on s o ft w a r e li b r a r i e s m anu f a c t u r i ng p r o c e ss e s geno m i cs l a tt i c e s dna r ough s e t t heo r y l ea r n i ng b r a i n hand i c apped a i d s r edundan cy c o m pu t a t i ona l e ff i c i en cy da t a c o mm un i c a t i on b i o l og i c a l neu r a l ne t w o r ks c o v a r i an c e m a t r i x d i s t r i bu t ed c on t r o l p r odu c t i on sys t e m s m a c h i ne c on t r o l t e l e c o mm un i c a t i on ne t w o r k r ou t i ng e c ono m i c f o r e c a s t i ng t h r ee d i m en s i ona l d i s p l a ys app r o x i m a t i on t heo r y gu i de li ne s s t e r eo i m age p r o c e ss i ng eng i nee r i ng edu c a t i on m u l t i p r o c e ss i ng sys t e m s ben c h m a r k t e s t i ng s m oo t h i ng m e t hod s c o m pu t e r s e c u r i t y w eb and i n t e r ne t s e r v i c e s s i gna l c l a ss i f i c a t i on m o l e c u l a r b i oph ys i cs c o l o r m i c r op r o c e ss o r s r ad i o f r equen cy i den t i f i c a t i on po w e r sys t e m s t ab ili t y i n f o r m a t i on f il t e r s t r an s f o r m s c o m pu t e r e rr o r s non li nea r d y na m i c a l sys t e m s r oad v eh i c l e s c o m pu t e r a i ded s o ft w a r e eng i nee r i ng p r obe s t r ee da t a s t r u c t u r e s ho s p i t a l s s pe c t r a l ana l ys i s da t a w a r ehou s e s e m o t i on r e c ogn i t i on pe t r o l eu m app r o x i m a t i on a l go r i t h m s d i sc r e t e c o s i ne t r an s f o r m s c o m pu t a t i ona l li ngu i s t i cs b i o m ed i c a l eng i nee r i ng j o i n t s r ada r i m ag i ng i ndu s t r i a l c on t r o l app r o x i m a t i on m e t hod s gene t i c m u t a t i on s hea l t h c a r e m anu f a c t u r i ng i ndu s t r i e s c o m pu t e r ne t w o r k m anage m en t a i r c r a ft pee r − t o − pee r c o m pu t i ng t e m pe r a t u r e s en s o r s d i g i t a l s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng c o lli s i on a v o i dan c e i m age r eg i s t r a t i on l o c a l a r ea ne t w o r ks s o ft w a r e p r o t o t y p i ng m e r g i ng ga lli u m a r s en i de d i ff e r en t i a l equa t i on s de l a ys c on t en t − ba s ed r e t r i e v a l l oad f o r e c a s t i ng m e ss age pa ss i ng c o m pu t e r app li c a t i on s s t a t i s t i c a l d i s t r i bu t i on s m u l t i m ed i a c o m pu t i ng adap t i v e f il t e r s pape r t e c hno l og y g r ad i en t m e t hod s m u l t i d i m en s i ona l sys t e m s f r equen cy m ea s u r e m en t b r a i n m ode li ng op t i c a l s en s o r s agg r ega t e s c o m pu t e r i n t e r f a c e s po w e r sys t e m c on t r o l v eh i c l e d y na m i cs s o ft w a r e r eu s ab ili t y m i n i m i s a t i on c oup li ng s geoph ys i c a l t e c hn i que s p r i v a cy c o m pu t e r i z ed m on i t o r i ng k i ne m a t i cs l og i c p r og r a mm i ng f r equen cy e s t i m a t i on c o m pu t e r d i s p l a ys f i r e s t o r que a l geb r a an i m a t i on gau ss i an d i s t r i bu t i on m ob il e r ad i o d i sc r e t e e v en t s i m u l a t i on da t a hand li ng i n f o r m a t i on t heo r y t v s o ft w a r e de s i gn pe r v a s i v e c o m pu t i ng w o r ks t a t i on s c u l t u r a l d i ff e r en c e s b r oad c a s t i ng t r a ff i c eng i nee r i ng c o m pu t i ng da t aba s e sys t e m s li nea r sys t e m s c l a ss i f i c a t i on t r ee ana l ys i s m a t e r i a l s m i c r o c o m pu t e r s do c u m en t hand li ng m ed i c a l i n f o r m a t i on sys t e m s l og i c t e s t i ng ph ys i cs c o m pu t i ng w eb s e r v e r p r i c i ng no i s e r edu c t i on c on f e r en c e m anage m en t p r ed i c t i on a l go r i t h m s f ou r i e r t r an s f o r m s f un c t i on app r o x i m a t i on geoph ys i cs c o m pu t i ng m a r i ne v eh i c l e s sk i n au t o m a t i c s pee c h r e c ogn i t i on f o r c e c on t r o l i nno v a t i on m anage m en t ea r t h c o m pu t e r ga m e s boo l ean f un c t i on s t r an s po r t p r o t o c o l s s t ead y − s t a t e r ea c t i v e po w e r p l ann i ng m e c han i c a l eng i nee r i ng sc a tt e r i ng c o m pu t e r a i ded m anu f a c t u r i ng c on s t r a i n t op t i m i z a t i on e x t r a t e rr e s t r i a l m ea s u r e m en t s s i gna l de t e c t i on e l e c t r on i c l ea r n i ng r e c o mm ende r sys t e m s s t anda r d s de v e l op m en t w i r e l e ss ne t w o r ks p i pe li ne s p r odu c t de s i gn m u l t i − l a y e r neu r a l ne t w o r k sc hedu li ng a l go r i t h m au t ho r i s a t i on s pea k e r r e c ogn i t i on m a r k e t i ng and s a l e s s pa t i a l r e s o l u t i on b r i dge s m i c r op r o c e ss o r c h i p s v e l o c i t y c on t r o l m a c h i ne i n t e lli gen c e e l e c t r i c a l equ i p m en t i ndu s t r y t i m e s e r i e s ana l ys i s c o mm un i c a t i on s t e c hno l og y r e v e r s e eng i nee r i ng adap t a t i on m ode l s u s ab ili t y ba tt e r i e s gesture recognition au t o m o t i v e eng i nee r i ng l a w f eed f o r w a r d neu r a l ne t w o r ks s o ft w a r e a l go r i t h m s i m age r e s t o r a t i on do c u m en t a t i on da t a p r o c e ss i ng l ea s t s qua r e s app r o x i m a t i on de c i s i on t heo r y sys t e m pe r f o r m an c e s pa c e v eh i c l e s o r gan i z a t i on s no i s e r obu s t ne ss s equen c e s unde r w a t e r v eh i c l e s i n f e r en c e a l go r i t h m s b i o m ed i c a l m r i r ando m v a r i ab l e s t e m pe r a t u r e m ea s u r e m en t r e l a ys pa t i en t m on i t o r i ng s o ft w a r e de v e l op m en t m anage m en t c l o s ed l oop sys t e m s a c ou s t i c s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng r ando m p r o c e ss e s m ob il e agen t s i n t eg r a t ed c i r c u i t i n t e r c onne c t i on s r eg i s t e r s v i deo s equen c e s uppe r bound c l u s t e r i ng m e t hod s l ea s t s qua r e s m e t hod s v i deo s u r v e ill an c e ene r g y m anage m en t s u r ge r y c o mm un i t i e s annea li ng c o rr e l a t i on m e t hod s e l e m en t a l s e m i c ondu c t o r s po s i t i on m ea s u r e m en t p r odu c t de v e l op m en t t a x ono m y un c e r t a i n t y hand li ng m u l t i − r obo t sys t e m s hap t i c i n t e r f a c e s s o ft w a r e r e li ab ili t y l og i c ga t e s hea r t a r i t h m e t i c p r og r a mm i ng en v i r on m en t s quan t i z a t i on c e ll u l a r r ad i o geoph ys i c a l s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng m agne t i c r e s onan c e i m ag i ng s o ft w a r e pa ck age s a rr a y s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng pe r m i ss i on c a r d i o l og y f r equen cy do m a i n ana l ys i s c ogn i t i v e r ad i o i ndu s t r i e s s t o ck m a r k e t s r e c u rr en t neu r a l ne t s c ha r a c t e r gene r a t i on c on s u m e r e l e c t r on i cs app li c a t i on s pe c i f i c i n t eg r a t ed c i r c u i t s sy n c h r on i s a t i on w a v e l e t ana l ys i s s t a t o r s i mm une sys t e m po w e r sys t e m s i m u l a t i on m u s i c d i s t an c e l ea r n i ng s upp l y c ha i n m anage m en t po w e r sys t e m m anage m en t na s a b i o m e c han i cs s p r ead s pe c t r u m c o mm un i c a t i on ab s t r a c t s r i sk ana l ys i s gene t i c p r og r a mm i ng s upe r v i s ed l ea r n i ng s i gna l r e s o l u t i on i n t eg r a t ed c i r c u i t t e s t i ng r oad t r a ff i c e m bedded sys t e m p r og r a m c o m p il e r s i n t eg r a t ed c i r c u i t de s i gn c e ll u l a r b i oph ys i cs d i g i t a l s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng c h i p s f r a c t a l s geo l og y t e r m i no l og y p r og r a m p r o c e ss o r s go l d f au l t t o l e r an t c o m pu t i ng f ad i ng t e l e c o mm un i c a t i on ne t w o r k m anage m en t m anu f a c t u r i ng sys t e m s p r obab ili s t i c l og i c s o ft w a r e pe r f o r m an c e s t ab ili t y ana l ys i s e s t i m a t i on t heo r y an i m a l s t o r que c on t r o l s o r t i ng f i n i t e e l e m en t ana l ys i s po w e r sys t e m s e c u r i t y m e c ha t r on i cs i den t i f i c a t i on v i b r a t i on s b i o m e t r i cs non li nea r f il t e r s s upp l y c ha i n s pa r t i c l e m ea s u r e m en t s s o il l oad f l o w qua li t y m anage m en t i n v e r s e p r ob l e m s m ed i c a l t r ea t m en t gau ss i an no i s e f au l t l o c a t i on sys t e m s ana l ys i s l oad m ode li ng po w e r m ea s u r e m en t o r gan i z i ng eu r ope e v en t de t e c t i on i n s t r u c t i on s e t s geoph ys i c a l i m age p r o c e ss i ng c o m pu t e r c r i m e j a c ob i an m a t r i c e s r e c e i v e r s s en s o r a rr a ys w o r k i ng en v i r on m en t no i s e e rr o r s t a t i s t i cs c o m pu t e r i s ed m on i t o r i ng gene r a t o r s u l t r a s on i c i m ag i ng r ando m a cc e ss m e m o r y s i gna l de s i gn c on t e x t − a w a r e s e r v i c e s o r gan i s a t i ona l a s pe c t s ag r i c u l t u r e a cc e ss c on t r o l t r an s f o r m c od i ng m o t i on p i c t u r e s po w e r sys t e m p r o t e c t i on s pa c e e x p l o r a t i on c ondu c t o r s p l ann i ng ( a r t i f i c i a l i n t e lli gen c e ) c on t en t m anage m en t po w e r t r an s m i ss i on li ne s s ea m ea s u r e m en t s li nu x r i v e r s r e s onan c e t i m e f a c t o r s gene e x p r e ss i on m ed i c a l r obo t i cs d r ug s c m o s i n t eg r a t ed c i r c u i t s e l e c t r o m y og r aph y p r o c e ss p l ann i ng c apa c i t o r s l oad m anage m en t m u l t i m ed i a da t aba s e s t r an s a c t i on da t aba s e s a rr a ys c ad c apa c i t an c e po w e r m a r k e t s i t e m s e t s h t m l s o li d m ode lli ng e x p l o s i on s s i gna l gene r a t o r s m i c r o c on t r o ll e r s i m age enhan c e m en t a sy n c h r onou s t r an s f e r m ode c a l c u l u s i m age f u s i on w hee l s i r on c l oud s qua li t y c on t r o l po r t a l s c li en t − s e r v e r sys t e m s po w e r sys t e m p l ann i ng t e l e c o mm un i c a t i on ne t w o r k r e li ab ili t y m u sc l e s o c ean s f i nan c e m an − m a c h i ne sys t e m s nea r e s t ne i ghbo r s ea r c he s c oun c il s s o li d s s ili c on c o m pound s t e m pe r a t u r e c on t r o l edu c a t i ona l p r og r a m s p r odu c t i on f a c ili t i e s b i o m e t r i cs ( a cc e ss c on t r o l ) op t i c a l c ha r a c t e r r e c ogn i t i on s o ft w a r e m e t a da t a p i pe li ne p r o c e ss i ng r e c u rr en t neu r a l ne t w o r ks m an i pu l a t o r d y na m i cs ob j e c t − o r i en t ed m e t hod s y a r n w o r l d w i de w eb do c u m en t i m age p r o c e ss i ng f i nge r p r i n t r e c ogn i t i on ae r o s pa c e e l e c t r on i cs gene r a li s a t i on ( a r t i f i c i a l i n t e lli gen c e ) a cc e l e r o m e t e r s s t o c ha s t i c sys t e m s s e r v o m e c han i s m s s o ft w a r e m e t r i cs e l e c t r i c i t y s upp l y i ndu s t r y m an m a c h i ne sys t e m s d i sc r e t e e v en t sys t e m s l y apuno v m e t hod s pa t i en t d i agno s i s d i g i t a l i m age s c o m pe t i t i v e i n t e lli gen c e f r i c t i on s t ee l c a c he s t o r age g r a mm a r s v i r t ua l m anu f a c t u r i ng c o mm un i c a t i on sys t e m t r a ff i c c on t r o l e m p l o y m en t o w l v i deo s r ada r de t e c t i on m ean s qua r e e rr o r m e t hod s s t o r age m anage m en t hu m an − r obo t i n t e r a c t i on c oppe r l ead d i g i t a l f il t e r s r e f l e c t i on v i r t ua l en v i r on m en t i npu t v a r i ab l e s r e li ab ili t y eng i nee r i ng s pa r s e m a t r i c e s ag i ng li nea r d i sc r i m i nan t ana l ys i s pe r m anen t m agne t m o t o r s p r ed i c t i v e c on t r o l f l u c t ua t i on s f eed s au t o m ob il e s s i ngu l a r v a l ue de c o m po s i t i on en v i r on m en t a l f a c t o r s m a t he m a t i cs c o m pu t i ng r e f l e c t i v i t y c o m pu t e r an i m a t i on m o t i on ana l ys i s c oope r a t i v e sys t e m s ob s e r v e r s m u t ua l i n f o r m a t i on da m p i ng c o m pu t ed t o m og r aph y a c ou s t i c no i s e r obo t p r og r a mm i ng w eapon s pub li c do m a i n s o ft w a r e f i n i t e e l e m en t m e t hod s non li nea r equa t i on s gabo r f il t e r s v ege t a t i on m app i ng w i r e g r ound pene t r a t i ng r ada r m ode m s h i gh pe r f o r m an c e c o m pu t i ng t r an s m i tt e r s p r og r a m v e r i f i c a t i on po w e r sys t e m e c ono m i cs b i o m ed i c a l m on i t o r i ng c o il s pa ck e t s w i t c h i ng v o t i ng m u l t i a cc e ss c o mm un i c a t i on s ub s t a t i on s sy n c h r on i z a t i on ae r o s pa c e c o m pu t i ng Fig 5. Global connection of universities, institutes, companies and other research institutes
LapplicationCSCV DM PR EE data mining feature extraction learning support vector machines t r a i n i ng algorithm design and analysis ontologies image segmentation wireless sensor networks educational institutionsaccuracy databases mobile robots neu r a l ne t s artificial intelligencevectors pattern classification artificial neural networks clustering algorithmstesting c o m pu t a t i ona l m ode li ng pattern clustering analytical modelsimage classification hardware cameras internetstatistical analysis hidden markov modelsobject detectionface recognition semanticskernel probabilityprincipal component analysisinformation retrievalvisualization c o s t s computer sciencecontext machine learning s hape humanscomputer vision natural language processing neural networksdelaydata analysis r obo t s robot sensing systemsindexes speech recognition regression analysistext analysis m ed i c a l i m age p r o c e ss i ng data modelsclassification algorithms p r odu c t i on estimation markov processesdiseases correlationimage color analysis protocols cognitionnoisegraph theory pattern recognitionwavelet transforms neuronsremote sensing trajectoryimage reconstruction decision trees s pee c h bioinformaticscomputer architecturepixel m on i t o r i ng band w i d t h image recognition iterative methodscomputer aided instruction parallel processing h i s t og r a m s knowledge management bayesian methodsgeographic information systems r obo t k i ne m a t i cs natural languagesvideo signal processing encoding semantic web wireless communication pa t h p l ann i ng f r equen cy image edge detectionimage resolution decision making s i gna l p r o c e ss i ng i m age r e t r i e v a l face backpropagationsupport vector machine classificationgaussian processes ba y e s m e t hod s electroencephalography i m age c o l ou r ana l ys i s computers silicondetectors approximation methodsimage coding mobile computing c l oud c o m pu t i ng serversdata visualisation legged locomotionmatrix algebracomplexity theorycomputational complexityobject recognition robustnessmedical signal processing software i m age p r o c e ss i ng geneticsthree dimensional displayssensor fusion f au l t d i agno s i s layoutimage sequences proteinsweb services i m age m a t c h i ng biology computingjoints e l e c t r on i c m a il cancerhuman computer interaction li b r a r i e s psychology mobile communicationtarget trackingimage motion analysis polynomialsdictionaries collaboration network topologymotion control logic gateslaboratoriesquality of service intelligent robotsapplication software prediction algorithmsspeech processingimage representation data visualization control systems radial basis function networksxmllighting measurementgeophysical image processing robot visionsecurity of dataconferences probabilistic logicrotorstransformsresource management vibrationsbiological system modelinginformation analysis time series analysisreceiverseigenvalues and eigenfunctions app r o x i m a t i on a l go r i t h m s sampling methodscalibrationposition controlvocabulary i nde x i ng companies clocksservice robotstelecommunication traffic t e m pe r a t u r e m ea s u r e m en t geometry tracking approximation theorysynchronizationbiomedical imaging sensors p r o t o t y pe s machine learning algorithmscities and townsvisual databasesip networks gamesbusiness vehiclesparameter estimationkalman filterseducation software engineeringmaximum likelihood estimationdata acquisitioncomputer science education manipulatorsspatial databasesbuildingsarrays unsupervised learningdegradationentropy f u zzy c on t r o l multi−agent systems fuzzy logic radio frequencymanufacturing i n f o r m a t i on t e c hno l og y virtual reality character recognition s t anda r d s heliumhistoryfiltering theory i n f o r m a t i on f il t e r i ng image analysis machine controlschedulingedge detection s e c u r i t y e l e c t r ode s real time systemsjavaroutingdiscrete wavelet transforms data structures field programmable gate arraysdata compressionubiquitous computingeconomics robotics and automationgradient methods s a t e lli t e s performance evaluation computational intelligence r ende r i ng ( c o m pu t e r g r aph i cs ) information systems timingsearch engines s t a t i s t i cs computer networks probes s t r e ss technological innovation query processingcolor user interfaces l a tt i c e s handwriting recognitionmaterialstechnology managementorganizations medical diagnostic imagingcovariance matrix multilayer perceptronsinstrumentsgrid computing f u zzy neu r a l ne t s computer graphics labeling cryptography assembly t ea c h i ng finite element analysisresource allocation enginesperformance analysis wheels e l e c t r on i c c o mm e r c e unified modeling languagedesign engineering programmingmotion estimation power engineering computing failure analysis k no w l edge ba s ed sys t e m s c u rr en t m ea s u r e m en t web sites permanent magnet motorsbenchmark testing reliabilitydata privacy random access memoryinformation scienceface detection Fig 6. Hot words of recent 5 years’ publish (2009-2013)15 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Birth Golden Age 1st AI Winter Boom 2nd AI Winter AI Renaissance
ENIAC Turing Test Dartmouth Conference Perceptrons MIT AI Lab Fuzzy Logic Lighthill Report Backpropagation Cray−1 Version spaces and Intel 8086 expert systems IBM PC Soar WWW MIT Cog project Deep Blue defeated Kasparov Babel Fish Google Myspace OWL Twitter Deep Learning Watson Siri and Google Now BRAIN Initiative
Year P ub li s h Fig 7. Trend of annual publish since 1940 n this paper, due to the limitation of data source, we cannot distinguish the papers that areharbingers and milestones from the mediocrities which are only imitators or parody. The quantityof publish outweighed the quality. The innovativeness, inspiration and impact are the key valuesof a paper, which varies much between mileposts and imitators. In our review, due to the lack ofevaluation criteria, each paper is considered equal in significance. The best e ff ort of us has beenput forward to address this awkward blemish. We performed our analysis mainly of the networkproperty when trying to identify influential entities. An improvement could still be made if acitation map of papers is available. One may assign a significant value of papers due to theircitation, or pagerank. This may improve the current situation in which quantity of publish is toomuch valued, which is also overwhelming in some parts of the world. Acknowledgment
The work is partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61174022), Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. CSCT, 2010BA2003), Programfor New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-08-0345), Doctor Fundingof Southwest University (Grant No. SWU110021).
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