Decreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks: groundwater-surface water approach
Dasapta Erwin Irawan, Deny Juanda Puradimaja, Defitri Yeni, Arno Adi Kuntoro, Miga Magenika Julian
DDecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadaneriverbanks: groundwater-surface water approach
Irawan, DE. , Puradimaja, DJ. , Yeni, D. , Kuntoro, AA. , andJulian, MM. [email protected] Abstract.
The decreasing of groundwater quality has been the major issue in Tangerangarea. One of the key process is the interaction between groundwater and Cisadaneriver water, which flows over volcanic deposits of Bojongmanik Fm, Genteng Fm,Tuf Banten, and Alluvial Fan. The objective of this study is to unravel suchinteractions based on the potentiometric mapping in the riverbank. We had 60 stopsites along the riverbank for groundwater and river water level observations, andchemical measurements (TDS, EC, temp, and pH). Three river water gauge were alsoanalyzed to see the fluctuations.We identified three types of hydrodynamic relationships with fairly low flowgradients: effluent flow at Segmen I (Kranggan - Batuceper) with 0.2-0.25 gradient,perched flow at Segmen II (Batuceper-Kalibaru) with gradient 0.2-0.25, and influentflow at Segmen III (Kalibaru-Tanjungburung) with gradient 0.15-0.20. Such low flowgradient is controlled by the moderate to low morphological slope in the area. Thegaining and losing stream model were also supported by the river water fluctuationdata. TDS and EC readings increased more than 40% from upstream to downstream.At some points the both measurements were two times higher than the permissiblelimits, along with the drops of pH values at those areas.This study shows the very close interaction between Cisadane river water andgroundwater in the riverbank. Therefore the authorities need to be managed the areaswith a very strict regulations related to the small and large scale industries locatednear by the river.
Keywords : Cisadane, groundwater-river water interactiona, water quality a r X i v : . [ phy s i c s . g e o - ph ] M a r ecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks
1. Introduction
In this area, groundwater has been used for domestic, industrial, agricultural andaquaculture purposes for more than 100 years. It has been highly exploited since 1990sdue to the raise of urbanization and economy. The river flows through areas that hasbeen developed as central of economy activities. It has to be supported by all means ofwater sources, including Cisadane (Figure 1) and Figure 2.Major impact due to such condition is the decreasing of groundwater qualityhas been the major issue in Tangerang area as shown by organic and non-organicindicators[10, 12, 6, 13, 15, 4]. One of the key process is the interaction betweengroundwater and Cisadane river, as also shown by another case in Cikapundung riverbasin. The objective of this study is to unravel such decreasing as a function of waterinteractions between river water and groundwater in the riverbank. This informationwill be important for optimal use and sustainable management of the water resourcesin the area.
Figure 1.
Map of the study location
2. Materials and methods
The field investigation and sampling of river, canal and groundwater were performed inthe dry season of 2006. Totally, 30 water samples were stored in 100 ml plastic bottles,consist of: 10 river water samples and 20 groundwater samples from shallow privatetube-wells, with well depth ranges from 10m to 30m below land surface. The sampledates are rather old but the results are still relevant with current situation. We proposenewer research in 2011 by a team from Sam Ratulangi University [9] for comparison. ecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks Figure 2.
Profile showing the deteoriating water quality towards downstream
We conducted field measurements consist of groundwater levels, temperature, pH,Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS) using portable tools, HannaInstruments. The samples collected were filtered and sent to the laboratory to beanalysed to determine their Dissolved Oxygen (DO), major cations (sodium, potassium,calcium, magnesium) and major anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate) by using inductivelycoupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and chromatography(IC). Wealso used Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) toobtain the organic setting in the environment.Groundwater and river water level data were used to make potentiometric map.We plotted the data set and build a water flow model based on the contours using usingGIS software. Subsequently, we intrepreted the interaction between groundwater andriver water based on the following model (Figure 3), gathered from following sources[5, 16, 3].
3. Results and discussions
Potentiometric mapping has shown three major river water-groundwater interactions(Figure 4) at three segments as follows:(i) Effluent interaction (Segment 1, Kranggan Batu Ceper) with characteristics: • groundwater recharges to river, • river water level elevation 10 -18.75 masl, • groundwater level elevation 12.5- 30 masl, ecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks Figure 3.
Profile showing the deteriorating water quality towards downstream • hydraulic gradient from 0.2 to 0.25.(ii) Perched interaction (Segment 2, Batuceper-Kalibaru) with characteristics: • river water infiltrates to aquifer in river bed. The distance between river bedand groundwater level ranges 1.25 7.5 m, • river water level elevation 6.25 12.5 masl, • groundwater level elevation 1 - 4 masl, • hydraulic gradient from 0.2 to 0.25.(iii) Influent interaction (Segment 3, Kalibaru-Tanjungburung) with characteristics: • river water infiltrates to aquifer, • river water level elevation 0 - 5 masl, • groundwater level elevation 0 2 masl, • hydraulic gradient from 0,15 to 0,2.At all three segments, groundwater flow is controlled by relatively flat ground levelwith slope gradient between 0.016 to 0.02). Following such condition, groundwater flowgradient is also very low, from 0.15 to 0.25 (see Figure 4). Two geological sections havebeen built to give a short illustration on the subsurface condition of the area (Figure 5).We can see variation of geometry of young alluvium deposit in all segments with fairlyrandom in thickness.The deterioration of river and groundwater quality is shown by the increasingconcentrations of Iron, Copper, TSS, BOD, COD, and E. coli towards downstream(Figure 6). Such contamination is due to the increasing settlement and industrialactivities along the river. Related publications [9, 7, 14] confirm such condition. AverageTSS content 73.38 mg/l (higher than max limit of 50 mg/l) portrays high natural erosion,and also man-made sand digging sites in the Kranggan area. Solids from aerated Fe ecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks Figure 4.
Profile showing the deteoriating water quality towards downstream and Cu + can also contribute to the TSS value. The samples also show averagely highiron content 0.61 mg/l (max limit: 0.30 mg/l) and Copper 0.13 mg/l (max limit: 0.02mg/l) which possibly came from many electroplating industries in the riverbank, as oneof the source. Organic condition is indicated by average BOD value 8.42 mg/l (limit:2 mg/l), COD 25.75 mg/l (limit 10 mg/l), and E. coli 6275/100 liter (limit 1000/100liter). All three indicators are higher than tolerable limits, which came from poorsanitation and domestic waste management. Similar situation is shown in Cikapundungriver [1, 2, 8, 11, 6]. ecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks Figure 5.
Example of subsurface profile in section 3
Figure 6.
Profile showing the deteoriating water quality towards downstream
4. Conclusions
The results from this paper can be used to explain water quality deterioration alongCisadane riverbank. Three unique groundwater and river water interactions have beendetected using relatively simple and cheap method. Major element concentrations wereable to show the quality transition from upstream to downstream. However moresamples should be added with more heavy or trace minerals measurements such asAs and Pb for more detail water quality zones and involving processes.The above-mentioned situation has been un-treated. Many efforts in years havebeen done to overcome the contamination, but the impact is still not significant. Ourresults in 2006 is still comparable with what another team had identified in 2011. ecreasing groundwater quality at Cisadane riverbanks
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by Bandung Institue of Technology Research Grant. Weare grateful to Office for Environment Tangerang Regency for their assistance and ourfield team from Department of Geology for their continuous support. We also thankfulto Dr. Ratna Siahaan from Sam Ratulangi University, as one of the previous researcherin the area, for her review on the first draft.
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