Abstract
We study a single-lane traffic model that is based on human driving behavior. The outflow from a traffic jam self-organizes to a critical state of maximum throughput. Small perturbations of the outflow far downstream create emergent traffic jams with a power law distribution
P(t)∼
t
−3/2
of lifetimes,
t
. On varying the vehicle density in a closed system, this critical state separates lamellar and jammed regimes, and exhibits
1/f
noise in the power spectrum. Using random walk arguments, in conjunction with a cascade equation, we develop a phenomenological theory that predicts the critical exponents for this transition and explains the self-organizing behavior. These predictions are consistent with all of our numerical results.