New R Coronae Borealis and DY Persei Star Candidates and Other Related Objects Found in Photometric Surveys
Sebastián Otero, Stefan Huemmerich, Klaus Bernhard, Igor Soszyński
OOtero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 13
New R Coronae Borealis and DY Persei Star Candidates and Other Related Objects Found in Photometric Surveys
Sebastián Otero
AAVSO Headquarters, 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138; address email correspondence to [email protected]
Stefan Hümmerich
Stiftstr. 4, Braubach, D-56338, Germany
Klaus Bernhard
Kafkaweg 5, Linz, 4030, Austria
Igor Soszyński
Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Received January 29, 2014; revised April 7, 2014, and May 6, 2014; accepted May 7, 2014
Abstract
We have carried out a search for new R Coronae Borealis (RCB) variables using the publicly accessible data from various photometric sky surveys and—whenever available—AAVSO visual data. Candidates were selected from Tisserand’s “Catalogue enriched with R CrB stars” and by a visual inspection of light curves from the ASAS-3, MACHO, NSVS and OGLE surveys. We have identified two new RCB stars, four RCB candidates, and one DY Persei (DYPer) star candidate. Our identification was based mainly on photometric variability, color-color diagrams, and further information drawn from various catalogue sources; spectroscopic classifications were also reported in our analysis whenever available. Additionally, we present a sample of interesting stars which—although showing similar photometric variability—can be ruled out as RCB and DYPer stars or have been rejected as such on spectroscopic grounds in recent studies. Although not useful in the investigation of the aforementioned groups of variables, these objects defy an easy classification and might be interesting targets for follow-up studies which we encourage for all stars presented in this paper.
1. Introduction
R Coronae Borealis (hereafter RCB) stars are a rare class of variables characterized by peculiar chemical composition (notably hydrogen deficiency and carbon overabundance) and unusual photometric variability (irregular and unpredictable fading events). They are a poorly understood class of variables and controversy about their origin is still going on, with recent evidence favoring the Double Degenerate (DD) over the Final Helium Shell Flash (FF) scenario (see, for example, Clayton (2012)). tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201414
In order to better understand these enigmatic objects, it is imperative to increase the sample of known RCB stars. With the advent of photometric surveys, progress has been made in this respect. Furthermore, it has been shown that near- and mid-infrared color-color diagrams and cuts are a viable and efficient method of identifying new RCB candidates (see, for example, Feast (1997); Alcock et al. (2001); Tisserand et al. (2004); and Tisserand (2012)). At the time of this writing, the number of confirmed RCB stars has increased to 76 galactic and 22 extragalactic objects (Tisserand et al. et al. (2009) and Soszyński et al. (2009)). In addition to their lower temperatures, they generally show slower declines with smaller amplitudes and roughly symmetric recoveries. Furthermore, they are fainter on average and their pulsational periods tend to be longer than those of typical RCB stars. They are further set aside by a relatively high amount of C in their spectra—an isotope of carbon, whose shortage or absence is one of the defining characteristics of classical RCB stars (see, for example, Lloyd Evans (2010)). However, the characterization of the DYPer stars still suffers from an insufficient sample size. Increasing the number of known DYPer stars is therefore an important task. This paper presents two new RCB stars, four RCB candidates, and one DYPer candidate that have been found using data from various photometric surveys. To achieve this, two different approaches were taken. Firstly, candidates from the VizieR online version of the “Catalogue enriched with R CrB stars” (Tisserand 2012) were investigated using data from various sky surveys and catalogues. Secondly, preselected light curves from the ASAS-3 (Pojmański et al. et al. et al. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 15
2. Target stars et al.
General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS; Samus et al. et al. (2001), Tisserand et al. (2004), and Tisserand (2012)). We have used near- and mid-infrared color-color diagrams, based on data from the 2MASS and WISE (Cutri et al. et al. (2001) and Tisserand et al. (2004)). A (J–H) vs. (H–K) diagram for all stars presented in this paper is shown in Figure 1. The solid line indicates the colors of SMC carbon stars, as computed by Westerlund et al. (1991) and employed in this particular context by Tisserand et al. (2004). The dashed line indicates the loci of a combination of two blackbodies, representing the photosphere of the star (~5500 K) and the dust shell (~900 K), as devised by Feast (1997). The flux ranges from “all star” (lower end) to “all shell” (upper end). As becomes obvious from Figure 1, the present sample is separated into two distinct groups. The two RCB stars and the RCB candidates (denoted by colored squares) roughly follow the dashed line that outlines their possible range in color that is due to the amount of circumstellar dust. The DYPer candidate, on the other hand, is situated near the expected loci of classical carbon stars, which also holds true for the set of miscellaneous variables which have been shown to undergo significant fading events but have been ruled out as RCB or DYPer stars on various grounds (section 3). The displacement of OGLE-II BUL-SC18 64562 towards redder colors might be explained by the heavy extinction in this specific region towards the Galactic Bulge. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201416 A S A S J . . –72 . RCB . < . V . d I n t h e L M C , S p ec t r a l OG LE -I V L M C . . t yp e C , H d . G S C - J – K = . ; B – V = . . M A SS J AO H e r . + . RCB . < . : V S p ec t r o s c op i ca ll y I R A S + c on f i r m e d . M A SS J + J – K = . ; B – V = . . N S V S J + . + . RCB : . . : V . d J – K = . ; B – V = . . G S C - I R A S + I R A S + . + . RCB : > . < . C V d J – K = . . L a r g e M A SS J + a m p lit ud e pu l s a ti on s ? I Z S g r . –20 . RCB : . < . V R e po r t e d s p ec t r a l G S C - . . B t yp e o f M e rr on e ou s ? I R A S > . < . R J – K = . . N S V S . + . RCB : . . R J – K = . ; B – V = . . G S C - I R A S + T a b l e . E ss e n ti a l d a t a on a ll v a r i a b l e s s t ud i e d i n t h i s p a p e r , s o r t e d by p r opo s e d t yp e a nd r i gh t a s ce n s i on . I d e n tifi e rs R . A . ( J ) D ec . ( J ) T y p e R ang e P e r i od R e m a r k s T ab l e c on ti nu e d on n ex t pag e tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 17 M A C HO . . . –28 . DY P e r : . . : V . d J – K = . . E R O S c g6143 l . . R c . d 2 M A SS J . < . I c A S A S J . . –43 . S R : . . V ~ d S p ec t r a l t yp e M ; C D –42 “ s t r ong T i O , VO ; H ?” I R A S J – K = . ; B – V = . . A S A S J . . –77 . S R : . . V ~ d S i e m i ss i on a t . μ m . G S C - J – K = . , B – V = . . I R A S OG LE -II B U L - S C . –27 . S R : . : –15 . : I c ~ d J – K = . , V – I = . . OG LE - B L G - L P V - OG LE -I V B L G . . M A SS J N S V . –49 . S R : . – . V . d J – K = . , B – V = . . C D –50 I R A S N o t e : P o s iti ona l da t a w e r e t a ke n f r o m M A SS ( S k r u t s k i e e t a l . ; I RA S + , I Z Sg r , M A C HO . . , OG L E – II B U L –S C ) and U C A C ( Z a c ha r i a s e t a l . ; a ll o t h e r ob j ec t s ) . T a b l e . E ss e n ti a l d a t a on a ll v a r i a b l e s s t ud i e d i n t h i s p a p e r , c on t . I d e n tifi e rs R . A . ( J ) D ec . ( J ) T y p e R ang e P e r i od R e m a r k s tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201418 Figure 1. (J–H) vs. (H–K) diagram for all stars presented in this paper, as indicated in the legend on the right side. In order to facilitate discrimination, RCB stars and RCB candidates are denoted by squares, the proposed DYPer variable by a triangle and the non-RCB faders of section 3 by crosses. Data were drawn from the 2MASS catalogue. The solid line illustrates the colors of SMC carbon stars (Westerlund et al.
Our findings are in very good agreement with the results of other researchers (see in particular Figure 9 of Alcock et al. (2001) and Figure 7 of Tisserand et al. (2004)), which provides additional support that the proposed classifications for the stars of the present sample, which will be enlarged on in the following sections, are valid.2.2.2 (W2–W3) vs. (W3–W4) diagram Tisserand (2012) employed mid-infrared color-color cuts based on WISE photometry to identify new RCB candidates. WISE surveyed the whole sky in the four infrared bands W1, W2, W3, and W4, which are centered at 3.4, 4.6,
12, and 22 μm, respectively (Wright et al. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 19
DY Cen—the other obvious outlier in this work—do not resemble the majority of RCB stars in that they are hot (>12000 K) and surrounded by multiple shells. It would be highly interesting to investigate if this also holds true for NSVS 1461135; however, this is beyond the scope of the present paper. 2.3. New RCB stars2.3.1. ASAS J050232-7218.9 (GSC 09169-00810) ASAS J050232-7218.9 (GSC 09169-00810)—situated in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)—is a star from the “Catalogue enriched with R CrB stars” (Tisserand 2012) that we confirm as an RCB star. The light curves of the star are shown in Figures 3 and 4. During the first ~500 days of ASAS-3 coverage, the star’s light curve is characterized by short-term variability and mean magnitude shifts between 13.6 and 14.6 magnitude (V). The short-term light changes suggest pulsational variability on a time scale of 43.1 days, although the period is rather ill-defined due to the star’s brightness lying near the limiting magnitude of the survey (~14.5 magnitude (V)). After HJD 2453000, the ASAS-3 system failed to record the star for about 1,300 days, suggesting that the object might have faded out of the survey’s range during the indicated timespan. This interpretation is supported by sporadic measurements after HJD 2454438 which show the star below 15 magnitude (V). Recent data from the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS; Henden et al. et al.
Figure 2. (W2–W3) vs. (W3–W4) diagram for all stars presented in this paper, as indicated in the legend on the right side. In order to facilitate discrimination, RCB stars and RCB candidates are denoted by squares, the proposed DYPer variable by a triangle, and the non-RCB faders of section 3 by crosses. Data were drawn from the WISE catalogue. The dashed line indicates selection cut (1) of Tisserand (2012). tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201420 (Figure 4). During the rest of OGLE-IV coverage, which extends up to the present, the light curve is characterized by changes in mean magnitude and semiregular pulsations with a rather unstable period of ~35 days. Additional proof that ASAS J050232-7218.9 is capable of deep fadings comes from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey (Zaritsky et al. et al. (1979). The other three hydrogen-deficient stars published in the latter paper were subsequently confirmed as RCB stars (EROS2-LMC-RCB-2, EROS2-LMC-RCB-3, and EROS2-LMC-RCB-5;
Figure 3. Light curve of ASAS J050232–7218.9, based on ASAS-3 data, APASS data, and data from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey (Zaritsky et al. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 21
Figure 5. Light curve of AO Her, based on data from various sky surveys, as indicated in the legend.
Tisserand et al. et al. et al. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201422 of The Amateur Sky Survey (TASS; Richmond 2007) and the SuperWASP project (SWASP; Butters et al. et al. et al. (2013a) with the FLOYDS spectrograph on the 2-m LCOGT/Faulkes Telescope North. Their results, along with data from a planned monitoring campaign, will be published in a future paper.2.4. RCB / DYPer candidates2.4.1. NSVS J0051273+645649 (GSC 04025-00779) The variability of NSVS J0051273+645649 (GSC 04025-00779) was discovered during a search for red variables in the Northern Sky Variability
Survey (NSVS) by Woźniak et al. (2004a). We have identified the star as a likely RCB variable by investigation of candidates from the RCB-enriched catalogue of Tisserand (2012). The light curve of the star (shifted to the APASS V zero point) is shown in Figure 6. The light curve of NSVS J0051273+645649 is characterized by semiregular pulsations with a predominant period of 29.8 days (Figure 7) and a significant fading event at around HJD 2451500. The star faded by about 1.5 magnitudes (ROTSE-I), showing signs of a slow recovery during the rest of NSVS coverage, which is typical of RCB stars. Color measurements from 2MASS (J–K = 1.76) and APASS (B–V = 1.48) give evidence of infrared excess. In addition, the star’s B–V index is too blue to qualify it as a DYPer variable. The proposed classification is also supported by the star’s position in the near- and mid-infrared two-color diagrams (section 2.2). We therefore conclude that NSVS J0051273+645649 is a likely RCB candidate worthy of follow-up investigations. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 23
Figure 6. Light curve of NSVS J0051273+645649, based on NSVS data; ROTSE-I magnitudes from NSVS were shifted to the V scale.Figure 7. Semiregular pulsations of NSVS J0051273+645649; the phase plot has been based on NSVS data (2451335 < HJD < 2451464; black points) and APASS data (pink points) and folded with a period of P = 29.8 days. ROTSE-I magnitudes from NSVS were shifted to the V scale. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201424
HJD 2454300, with the star dropping sharply from 14.25 magnitude (CV) to about 16.0 magnitude (CV). Again, an observational gap in the data leaves the amplitude and the exact shape of the minimum open to conjecture. Another possible fading event might have taken place around HJD 2455000. During the rest of CSS coverage, the light curve is reminiscent of large amplitude pulsations, which is unusual for an RCB variable. An analysis of the available data yields a period of P ~438 days, a value commonly observed, for example, in carbon-rich semiregular variables that are also sometimes prone to fading events. However, similar pulsations have been reported in RCB stars —for example, EROS2-CG-RCB-12 (Tisserand et al. et al. et al. et al.
Figure 8. Light curve of IRAS 04519+3553, based on CSS data. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 25
V and Catalina unfiltered photometry, which is calibrated against V magnitudes but strongly dependent on source color, being more sensitive to the red portion of the spectrum. Taking into account the above-mentioned evidence, we are unable to arrive at a conclusive classification for IRAS 04519+3553, which we consider a likely RCB candidate. Long-term photometric monitoring and spectroscopic studies are encouraged. 2.4.3. IZ Sgr (GSC 06279-00870) The star was discovered as HV 4148 by Woods (1928) and later designated as IZ Sgr in the
General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS; Samus et al. , 2007–2013). It was included in an investigation of 45 variable stars by Hoffleit (1961), who commented on the object’s invisibility on the majority of the available plate material; positive observations of IZ Sgr were possible on only a dozen of several hundred plates reaching to below 15th magnitude (pg) that were available to Hoffleit (Figure 9). An investigation of ASAS-3 data presents a similar picture. Except for two bright phases—one Mira-like hump at around HJD 2452100 and one rather broad maximum from about HJD 2453050 to HJD 2453450—the star remained constantly below the survey’s detection limit (Figure 10). Therefore, it is evident that IZ Sgr is capable of unpredictable steep rises and drops in magnitude; additionally, a classification as a Mira variable can be excluded. The light curve also shows indications of pulsational variability, in particular during the rise to maximum light near HJD 2453100. Measurements from various catalogues indicate a large range for IZ Sgr (for example: B = 13.3 (YB6)–19.1 (USNO-B1.0); R = >12.9 (USNO-A2.0)–<17.6 (USNO-B1.0)). Furthermore, there is no entry for IZ Sgr in CMC14 or SPM4.0 (Girard et al.
Figure 9. Light curve of IZ Sgr, based on data from Hoffleit (1961). tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201426
Sgr might even drop to below 17.8 magnitude (V). The observed amplitude and behavior of IZ Sgr are rather extreme and do not resemble the variations seen in most irregular L-type variables. Additionally, Tisserand et al. (2013b) reported that the star was too faint for spectroscopic follow-up. The star was about V = 17 magnitude during June and July 2012 (Tisserand 2014). Although its listed spectral type of M6 (Houk 1967) is not in agreement with a classification as an RCB variable, the star’s position in the near- and mid-infrared two color diagrams is consistent with its classification as an RCB variable (section 2.2). Considering the possibility that the assigned spectral type might be in error, we strongly encourage further photometric and spectroscopic investigations to gain an insight into the nature of IZ Sgr, which we consider a strong RCB candidate. 2.4.4. NSVS 1461135 (GSC 04282-00656) The variability of NSVS 1461135 (GSC 04282-00656), which is situated in the field of the open cluster [KPR2005] 125 (Zejda et al.
Figure 10. Light curve of IZ Sgr, based on ASAS-3 data. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 27
Figure 11. Light curve of NSVS 1461135, based on NSVS data. index of 1.47 (2MASS), is indicative of infrared excess. This is in agreement with an RCB classification and strong evidence against NSVS 1461135 being a DYPer variable, which is also supported by its position in the near-infrared two-color diagram (section 2.2.1). The star’s deviant position in the mid-infrared two-color diagram does not necessarily disqualify NSVS 1461135 as an RCB candidate, as similar results have been reported in the literature (section 2.2.2). However, the observed range is not large; the faintest recorded magnitude is 14.2 (V), which we derived from SDSS photometry. A classification as a different type of variable—notably a long-period eclipsing binary star like the symbiotic systems V5569 Sgr and V1413 Aql—is not excluded. Further photometric and spectroscopic analyses are advised to arrive at a conclusive classification.2.4.5. MACHO 128.21543.435 (2MASS J18063154-2834301) During a search for new Mira variables in the MACHO Galactic Bulge fields (see, for example, Hümmerich and Bernhard 2012), MACHO 128.21543.435 (2MASS J18063154-2834301) was found to exhibit significant fading events during the covered timespan. Additional data were procured from the EROS-2 project (Renault et al. et al. (1999). EROS-2 data have been transformed to Johnson V and Cousins I c using Equation (4) of Tisserand et al. (2007). The first obscuration event took place around HJD 2449200, with the star dropping from about 15.0 magnitude (R c ) to 17.15 magnitude (R c ). A second decline occurred around HJD 2450800; the minimum magnitude is open to conjecture because of an observational gap in the data. Although both declines are only partially covered by MACHO, they suggest the symmetric fading events and sharp minima of a DYPer star. Another fading event was recorded tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201428 Figure 12. VR c I c light curve of MACHO 128.21543.435, based on data from the MACHO and EROS-2 projects. Obvious outliers have been removed by visual inspection.Figure 13. Semiregular pulsations of MACHO 128.21543.435; the phase plots have been based on MACHO R c data. Phase plot 1 (top panel) is folded with P = 75.6 days (2449794 < HJD < 2450380), phase plot 2 (bottom panel) is folded with P = 66.4 days (2451229 < HJD < 2451454). tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 29 by the EROS-2 project and took place at around HJD 2452300. Again, the amplitude of the fading can only be estimated due to an observational gap in the data; it exceeds at least 1.5 magnitudes in both V and I c , though. Outside these obscurations, the light curve is characterized by semiregular pulsations. A period of 75.6 days is predominant in the timespan from HJD 2449794 to HJD 2450380, which then changes to 66.4 days in the data from HJD 2451229 to HJD 2451454 (Figure 13). Judging from its light curve properties (notably the symmetric fadings with rapid declines and sharp minima) and its position in the near-infrared two-color diagram (section 2.2.1), which is in agreement with that of the DYPer star candidates of, for example, Alcock et al. (2001) and Tisserand et al. (2004), we conclude that MACHO 128.21543.435 is a promising DYPer candidate. However, spectroscopy is needed for a conclusive classification.
3. Photometrically-related objects of interest
All objects presented in this section show photometric behavior similar to RCB stars—namely, significant, unpredictable fading events and semiregular pulsations. Considering spectra, color information, and/or light curve peculiarities, it is evident, though, that these objects are not RCB variables; in fact, some of them have been rejected as such on spectroscopic grounds in recent investigations. Most of the stars are likely to be ordinary red giants or carbon stars undergoing obscuration events; however, some of them are not easy to assign to a type and their peculiar behavior might merit more detailed follow-up studies. The common link behind the range of observed behavior in these objects seems to be dust ejection on significant scales. It would be highly interesting to investigate what—if anything—differentiates these objects from standard, non-fading semiregular red giant stars. It is possible that long term photometric coverage of red giants would considerably increase the number of these stars, whose behavior might be due to short-lived evolutionary processes.3.1. Notes on individual stars3.1.1. ASAS J123034-7703.9 (GSC 09416-00380) ASAS J123034-7703.9 (GSC 09416-00380) is listed in the
ASAS Catalog of Variable Stars (ACVS; Pojmański et al. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201430
Color measurements from 2MASS (J–K = 1.67) and APASS (B–V = 2.26) indicate that ASAS J123034-7703.9 is a red object which is also very bright in the near infrared (J = 3.38; H = 2.10; K = 1.71 (2MASS)). In the near-infrared two-color diagram, ASAS J123034-7703.9 is positioned near the loci of classical carbon stars (section 2.2). The star’s position in the (W2–W3) vs. (W3–W4) diagram hints at the existence of a cool circumstellar dust shell (Figure 2), which is in agreement with the observed prolonged obscuration event. Amplitude and period of the pulsations as well as color information are typical of a red giant star. Additional information comes from an IRAS Low Resolution Spectrum (Joint IRAS Science Working Group 1987) that shows
Si emission at 9.7 μm (Figure 15), which is known to originate from the circumstellar environments of oxygen-rich AGB stars (for example, Kwok et al. et al. (2012) identified ASAS J123034-7703.9 as a potential candidate but ultimately rejected it on grounds of the aforementioned IRAS spectrum and the classification in Kwok et al. (Miller 2012). It seems that ASAS J123034-7703.9 is another example of a red giant undergoing a significant fading event because of an episode of dust formation, as has been shown, for example, for L2 Pup (Bedding et al. et al.
Figure 14. Light curve of ASAS J123034–7703.9, based on ASAS-3 and APASS data. Obvious outliers have been removed by visual inspection. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 31
Figure 15. IRAS low resolution spectrum of ASAS J123034–7703.9 showing Si emission (Joint IRAS Science Working Group 1987).Figure 16. Light curve of L2 Pup, based on various data sources, as indicated in the legend.Figure 17. Light curve of OGLE-II BUL-SC18 64562, based on OGLE-II, OGLE-III, and OGLE-IV data. tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201432 star was measured at ~13.4 magnitude (I c ) before an observational gap at around HJD 2450800, during which it apparently dropped by more than 2 magnitudes (I c ). The object was next detected at HJD 2450860 with a brightness of around 16.0 magnitude (I c ). It started to rise to 14.5 magnitude (I c ) shortly after, at which brightness it remained during the remainder of OGLE-II coverage. Additional data were procured from the OGLE-III Catalog of Long-Period Variables (LPVs) in the Galactic Bulge (Soszyński et al. et al.
New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars (Kholopov et al. et al. (2013b), which is in good agreement with its color indices of J–K = 1.29 (2MASS) and B–V = 1.78 (APASS). The position of both stars in the near- and mid-infrared two-color diagrams is in accordance with that of the DYPer candidates of Alcock et al. (2001). tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 2014 33
Figure 18. Light curve of NSV 12817, based on ASAS-3 and APASS data. Obvious outliers have been removed by visual inspection.Figure 19. Light curve of ASAS J095221–4329.8, based on ASAS-3 and APASS data. Obvious outliers have been removed by visual inspection.
In fact, ASAS J095221-4329.8 was proposed as a possible DYPer variable by Hümmerich (2011) but rejected as such on spectroscopic grounds by Miller et al. (2012), who did not detect carbon compounds but strong titanium oxide bands (TiO), vanadium oxide (VO) and possibly hydrogen (“strong TiO, VO; H?”; see Miller et al. (2012), especially their Table 5). Both objects seem to be further examples of semiregular red giant stars that merit attention because of their significant fading events.
4. Acknowledgements
We thank the anonymous referee for valuable comments and suggestions that greatly improved the paper. We acknowledge with thanks the variable star observations from the AAVSO International Database contributed by observers tero et al. , JAAVSO Volume 42, 201434 worldwide and used in this research. This research has made use of the SIMBAD and VizieR databases operated at the Centre de Données Astronomiques (Strasbourg) in France. This work has also made use of EROS-2 data, which were kindly provided by the EROS collaboration. The EROS (Expérience pour la Recherche d’Objets Sombres) project was funded by the CEA and the IN2P3 and INSU CNRS institutes. Furthermore, this research has employed data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation, and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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