Opportunities for DOE National Laboratory-led QuantISED Experiments
Pete Barry, Karl Berggren, A. Baha Balantekin, John Bollinger, Ray Bunker, Ilya Charaev, Jeff Chiles, Aaron Chou, Marcel Demarteau, Joe Formaggio, Peter Graham, Salman Habib, David Hume, Kent Irwin, Mikhail Lukin, Joseph Lykken, Reina Maruyama, Holger Mueller, SaeWoo Nam, Andrei Nomerotski, John Orrell, Robert Plunkett, Raphael Pooser, John Preskill, Surjeet Rajendran, Alex Sushkov, Ronald Walsworth
OOpportunities for DOE National Laboratory-led QuantISED Experiments
Pete Barry (ANL), Karl Berggren (MIT), A. Baha Balantekin (UW-Madison), John Bollinger (NIST), Ray Bunker (PNNL), Ilya Charaev (MIT), Jeff Chiles (NIST), Aaron Chou (FNAL), Marcel Demarteau (ORNL), Joe Formaggio (MIT), Peter Graham (Stanford), Salman Habib (ANL), David Hume (NIST), Kent Irwin (SLAC/Stanford), Mikhail Lukin (Harvard), Joseph Lykken (FNAL), Holger Mueller (UC Berkeley), SaeWoo Nam (U. Colorado/NIST), Andrei Nomerotski (BNL), John Orrell (PNNL), Robert Plunkett (FNAL), Raphael Pooser (ORNL), John Preskill (Caltech), Surjeet Rajendran (JHU), Alex Sushkov (Boston U.), and Ronald Walsworth (U. Maryland). pportunities for DOE National Laboratory-led QuantISED (Quantum Information Science Enabled Discovery) Experiments
Pete Barry (ANL), Karl Berggren (MIT), A. Baha Balantekin (UW-Madison), John Bollinger (NIST), Ray Bunker (PNNL), Ilya Charaev (MIT), Jeff Chiles (NIST), Aaron Chou (FNAL), Marcel Demarteau (ORNL), Joe Formaggio (MIT), Peter Graham (Stanford), *Salman Habib (ANL), David Hume (NIST), *Kent Irwin (SLAC/Stanford), Mikhail Lukin (Harvard), *Joseph Lykken (FNAL), Holger Mueller (UC Berkeley), SaeWoo Nam (U. Colorado/NIST), *Andrei Nomerotski (BNL), John Orrell (PNNL), Robert Plunkett (FNAL), *Raphael Pooser (ORNL), John Preskill (Caltech), *Surjeet Rajendran (JHU), Alex Sushkov (Boston U.), and Ronald Walsworth (U. Maryland). A subset of QuantISED Sensor PIs met virtually on May 26, 2020 to discuss a response to a charge by the DOE Office of High Energy Physics. Asterisks denote members of the writing group. Thanks to Monika Schleier-Smith for an invited presentation to the participants. Photo credits: Argonne National Laboratory, A. Nomerotski et al arXiv:2012.02812,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley. Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of a discussions and suggestions by a subset of researchers supported on the Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP) QuantISED (Quantum Information Science Enabled Discovery) program. Neither DOE nor the United States Government nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. xecutive Summary
Quantum 2.0 advances in sensor technology offer many opportunities and new approaches for HEP experiments. The DOE HEP QuantISED program could support a portfolio of small experiments based on these advances. Such QuantISED experiments could utilize sensor technologies that exemplify Quantum 2.0 breakthroughs. They would strive to achieve new HEP science results, while possibly spinning off other domain science applications or serving as pathfinders for future HEP science targets. QuantISED experiments should be led by a DOE laboratory, in order to take advantage of laboratory technical resources, infrastructure, and expertise in the safe and efficient construction, operation, and review of experiments. The QuantISED PIs emphasized that the quest for HEP science results under the QuantISED program is distinct in focus from the ongoing DOE HEP programs on the energy, intensity, and cosmic frontiers. There is robust evidence for the existence of particles and phenomena beyond the Standard Model, including dark matter, dark energy, quantum gravity, and new physics responsible for neutrino masses, cosmic inflation, and the cosmic preference for matter over antimatter. Where is this physics and how do we find it? The QuantISED program has opportunities to exploit new capabilities provided by quantum technology to probe these kinds of science questions in new ways and over a broader range of science parameters than can be achieved with conventional techniques. In this document, we summarize the QuantISED sensor community discussion, including a consideration of HEP science enabled by quantum sensors, describing the distinction between Quantum 1.0 and Quantum 2.0, and discussing synergies/complementarity with the new DOE NQI centers and with research supported by other SC offices. ntroduction
A second revolution in quantum mechanics over the last decade – sometimes referred to as the “Quantum 2.0” revolution – has led to dramatic breakthroughs in our ability to create and manipulate quantum states. These breakthroughs create new opportunities in information processing and sensing, and they can strongly impact the High Energy Physics mission. The DOE Office of High Energy Physics has been investing in this new capability through the “Quantum Information Science Enabled Discovery (QuantISED)” program. On May 26, 2020, a group of QuantISED PIs gathered by videoconference to discuss the potential to develop and conduct experiments based on quantum sensors under the QuantISED program. This group was organized based on a charge letter from the DOE to consider “opportunities for DOE National Laboratory-led QuantISED experiments.” This invitation-only workshop included participants from all of the funded sensing programs and exemplars under QuantISED. The interdisciplinary QuantISED PIs that were gathered represent many different labs and universities, at different points in their career, and with diverse viewpoints. However, some clear common views emerged in the discussion. The focus of a QuantISED experiment is more specific than R&D in the broader QuantISED program itself, and these views can be understood to be specific to new opportunities for experiments, not as views or delimiters of the broader QuantISED program. With that context, the participants largely coalesced around the viewpoint that QuantISED experiments would utilize sensor technologies that exemplify Quantum 2.0 technology breakthroughs. They can strive to achieve new HEP science results, while possibly spinning off other domain science applications or serving as pathfinders for future HEP science targets. The group concurs that QuantISED experiments should be led by a DOE laboratory, in order to take advantage of lab technical resources, infrastructure, and expertise in the safe and efficient construction, operation, and review of experiments. The QuantISED PIs emphasized that the quest for HEP science results under the QuantISED program is distinct in focus from the ongoing DOE HEP programs on the energy, intensity, and cosmic frontiers. The QuantISED program can exploit new capabilities provided by quantum sensor technology to probe HEP science in new ways and over a broader range of science parameters. For instance, a compelling QuantISED experiment might take advantage of quantum-enhanced sensitivity to search for a broader class of dark-matter candidates than is probed by the cosmic, energy, and intensity frontiers, while also being a steppingstone towards even more sensitive laboratory experiments to search for direct interaction with certain models of dark energy.
EP science and quantum sensors
The Standard Model of particle physics has withstood every direct experimental test. Yet, there is compelling evidence that the theory is incomplete. It fails to account for known observational facts about the universe such as the existence of dark matter, dark energy, the matter-anti matter asymmetry and the physics responsible for neutrino masses. It does not describe quantum gravity or the origin of the universe. How can we find this new physics? The “dark” or weakly coupled nature of many of these phenomena are suggestive that this physics can be accessed by experiments that offer unprecedented sensitivity. This can be accomplished by making precision measurements or looking for phenomena that are rare because they involve new or highly suppressed interactions. Such experiments are ultimately limited by the sensitivity of the devices used to detect these interactions. The advent of quantum sensors offers many opportunities and new approaches to broaden and advance this sensitivity frontier. This approach is complementary to other powerful experimental tools that exist to search for new physics that may manifest at high energies with Standard Model particles. Quantum technologies enable a diverse probe of HEP science targets, complementary to other agency missions. For example, emerging quantum techniques can enable searches for a broader class of dark matter candidates and interactions than more traditional approaches. This includes, among other examples, candidates such as axion-like-particles, relaxions and moduli that induce spin precession or affect the energy levels of atoms and molecules. Further, these techniques can search for dark matter masses ranging from 100 nHz to nearly 1 THz, distinct from other probes of dark matter. In fact, quantum sensors have already made game-changing contributions to the search for dark matter, enabling ongoing and planned searches for a significantly larger range of dark sector targets than previously possible. Quantum techniques that can coherently control and manipulate photons, spins, atoms and molecules can be used to advance multiple HEP goals. This includes the use of : (1) electromagnetic sensors to look for dark matter and new fundamental interactions, for example, through high Q electromagnetic devices, (2) spin sensors to search for the precession induced by dark matter, dark energy and terrestrial neutrino sources, (3) atomic sensors and clocks to search for dark matter and new fundamental interactions (4) molecules and quantum materials to probe sources of CP violation in the universe and probe dark matter (5) photon teleportation techniques to increase baselines and hence the sensitivity of optical interferometers or other quantum sensing networks by orders of magnitude. This list is by no means exhaustive. The current state of quantum sensing already allows for immediate exploration of new parameter space in the search for dark matter, new fundamental interactions and CP violation. Importantly, quantum-enabled experiments that aim to achieve a science result for one HEP science target can simultaneously serve as a pathfinder for another HEP science target. For example, an experiment that aims to sense the spin precession induced by dark matter could also demonstrate and mature the technology needed for the even more ambitious goal of direct detection of dark energy in the laboratory. Ultimately, these technologies could also lead to new ways to detect a current of neutrinos, enabling better calibration of current neutrino sources and he detection of very low energy neutrinos, a task that is otherwise difficult to accomplish. Similarly, new approaches to detecting dark matter could also create a path towards probing cosmic inflation by searching for relic particles produced during inflation. Experiments that look for new fundamental interactions or violations of fundamental symmetries through the effects of such physics on the energy levels of atoms and molecules can also serve as pathfinders for similar, time-varying effects caused by dark matter.
Quantum 2.0 vs. Quantum 1.0