aa r X i v : . [ h e p - e x ] J u l Hadron Collider Physics Symposium (HCP2008), Galena, Illinois, USA
Other BSM Searches at the LHC
D.Bourilkov(for the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations)
University of Florida, P.O. Box 118440, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
A review of the discovery potential of LHC for new phenomena beyond the Standard Model(BSM) other than Supersymmetry in the early phase of running is presented. Topics covered in-clude searches for extra dimensions in different scenarios (ADD, Randall-Sundrum, black holes ...),resonance hunting in di-lepton, di-photon and di-jet final states, searches for contact interactions,heavy stable charged particles, technicolor, etc. The strategies of the ATLAS and CMS experimentsto understand the detectors and prepare them for ”search” mode and the prospects for discoveriesusing early data are described.
I. INTRODUCTION
At the dawn of the LHC era particle physics finds itself in a unique and paradoxical situation. On the credit sidewe have a Standard Model (SM) which could be the envy of many disciplines - tested to tantalizing detail and shownto explain well the vast expanse of often very precise experimental results, on the debit side no one seems to be happywith it. Of course there are weighty arguments like the unification of forces or the glaring omission of gravity, justto name a few, that point to new physics at higher energies. Moreover there are strong expectations that somethingnew will happen at energies around a couple of TeV, the Terascale that LHC is about to start exploring. Theseenhanced expectations have led to the development of a flurry of models, and the hope is that the LHC will serve asOccam’s razor and point the way beyond the Standard Model.The scope of this talk is to cover all other BSM searches except the 200 kg gorilla better known as Supersymmetry.This is a huge field, I will focus on “clean”, low background channels which can provide early discoveries once themachine, detectors and Standard Model contributions are understood in sufficient detail. Advance apologies for theomissions, unavoidable in a short review. Most results are for 14 TeV center-of-mass energy, but luminosities ∼ − at 10 TeV have interesting potential. And we better be ready from the start: the W and Z were discovered byUA1/UA2 with ∼ − , of course they knew where to look. II. BSM SEARCHES
The results are organized by experimental signatures, not by the models. For details the readers are referredto [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
A. One Lepton
The channel with one lepton (electron or muon) and missing transverse energy, used to discover the W boson,is ideal search field for an additional charged gauge boson W’. Both collaborations have new results for the muonchannel, showing that very little luminosity is needed in the case of the Sequential Standard Model (SSM), seee.g. Figure 1. While we are unable to reconstruct the full invariant mass, the transverse mass M T is a powerfuldiscriminator. The SM backgrounds are the usual suspects which appear throughout this talk, I will list them oncehere and only mention additional background contributions for specific channels later: • W → µν µ Z → µµ • Di-jet QCD • t ¯ t • W W, W Z, ZZ . FIG. 1: ATLAS W’ muon study: Left (1a): M T distribution. Right (1b): discovery reach as function of luminosity. B. LHC as Bump Hunting Factory
A primary early search field are simple final states where complete reconstruction of the invariant mass of newobjects, in the ideal case “narrow” bumps, is feasible. Due to the large parton luminosity up to TeV masses theLHC is a di- { lepton, photon, jet } factory, able to test the SM up to the highest available momentum transfers andsearch for signals for many new physics scenarios: “easy” like resonances (Z’, Randall-Sundrum (RS) gravitons ...),or “not-so-easy”: non-resonant deviations from the SM or just tails like compositeness, extra dimensions in the ADDscenario, etc. In Figure 2 rough estimates for the rate of Drell-Yan events is shown, illustrating how fast the LHC willstart probing masses unaccessible at the Tevatron. As a rule of thumb, at 10 TeV center-of-mass energy the dominantDrell-Yan background for 10 pb − is negligible (less than one expected event per channel) above 500 GeV, for 100pb − above 1 TeV. Any statistically significant accumulation of events in these areas would signal new physics. C. Two Leptons
The two lepton channel is the classical hunting field where
J/ψ,
Υ and Z where discovered. An additional gaugeboson Z’ decaying to di-electrons or di-muons appears in many scenarios. An example of the various backgroundsand their magnitude and the discovery reach for the two channels is shown in Figure 3 for CMS and different Z’models. Numbers to keep in mind are that LEP2 has already excluded a SSM Z’ below 1.8 TeV and cut deeply intothe LHC phase space, and the Tevatron is approaching the kinematic limit for several models. ilepton Mass GeV D r e ll - Y a n E v e n t s > M / C h a nn e l ( ee o r mm ) / E xp Tevatron10 fb -1 LHC 100 pb -1 ª CMS 2008 -1
500 1000 1500
Dilepton Mass
GeV D r e ll - Y a n E v e n t s > M / C h a nn e l ( ee o r mm ) / E xp Tevatron5 fb -1 LHC 10 TeV100 pb -1 ª CMS 2008 -1
500 1000 1500
FIG. 2: Cumulative plots for the expected number of events at the LHC above a given mass in a single Drell-Yan channel(di-electron or di-muon) for one experiment and comparison with the Tevatron (rough estimate). Left (2a): LHC at nominalenergy. Right (2b): LHC at 10 TeV. ] [GeV/c - m + m Invariant Mass of
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 E n t r i e s pe r G e V / c -3 -2 -1 ] [GeV/c - m + m Invariant Mass of
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 E n t r i e s pe r G e V / c -3 -2 -1 ) -1 CSA07 (100pb ) Z’ mass (TeV/c ) - I n t eg r a t ed l u m i no s i t y ( f b -2 -1 FIG. 3: CMS Z’ study: Left (3a): backgrounds in the di-muon channel. Middle (3b): di-muon discovery reach as function ofluminosity. Right (3c): di-electron discovery reach as function of luminosity.
ATLAS has performed a study using the nearly model-independent CDDT parameterization. The results, shownin Figure 4 depend on three parameters: the mass of the gauge boson M Z ′ , the global coupling strength g Z ′ and therelative coupling strength to different fermions x . Four classes of solutions are possible, denoted as B-xL, 10+x5,d-xu, q+xu. As can be seen the LEP limits will be superseded very fast. IG. 4: ATLAS Z’ study.
D. Two Photons
The excellent resolution of the detectors makes searches with photons very competitive, as the physical backgroundsare typically smaller, the machine backgrounds and fakes need to be well under control, The large signal to noiseratio and the discovery reach for narrow Randall-Sundrum gravitons are illustrated in Figure 5.
FIG. 5: CMS di-photon study: Left (5a): example of invariant mass distribution. Right (5b): discovery reach for the Randall-Sundrum model as function of luminosity and coupling strength. . Two Jets
A more difficult channel with large discovery potential, the di-jet final state is sensitive to the jet energy scale andlarge QCD background, typical for a hadron collider. The parton density functions (PDF) have to be understoodwell to avoid being fooled by initial state effects. The invariant mass reconstruction and the early discovery potentialare shown e.g. in Figure 6 for CMS.
FIG. 6: CMS di-jet study: Left (6a): example of invariant mass distribution before and after corrections. Right (6b): discoveryreach for excited quarks and 100 pb − . F. Three Leptons
This is a more tricky channel. It can be used to search e.g for technicolor models where the “walking” gaugecoupling lowers the scale, and light almost degenerate vector techimesons can be observed. They decay ρ T /a T → W Z → l + ν. (1)The three observed leptons together with the missing transverse energy and the W invariant mass constraint, atechnique developed at the Tevatron, can be used successfully to reconstruct the full invariant mass of the final state,as shown in Figure 7(left) for ATLAS. Even close-by resonances can be resolved. G. Two Leptons and Two Jets
This channel is ideal search field for pair-produced leptoquarks (LQ): hypothetical particles carrying both leptonand baryon numbers and decaying to a quark and lepton. Typical simplifying assumptions are that they couple toonly one generation of quarks and leptons and that the interactions are chiral. Current limits from LEP2 and theTevatron are ∼ − and below 800 GeV with 220 pb − , so this is clearly an earlydiscovery channel. IG. 7: ATLAS studies: Left (7a): technicolor reconstruction and reach. Right (7b): top-top resonances.
H. Two Tops
Even a complex object like a resonance decaying to top-antitop quark pair is no barrier for the LHC detectors.The mass reconstruction when one W decays to hadrons, the second to electron or muon plus neutrino is shown inFigure 7(right). Such resonances can arise e.g. in TeV − Kaluza-Klein extra dimensions models. The sensitivity willultimately reach 3.3 TeV.
I. Contact Interactions: Two Leptons or Jets Revisited
So far we have basically described “bump-hunt” type of searches. A small digression are searches where we do notexpect to see a resonance, but rather a gradual deviation from the SM expectation as function of invariant mass. Inthis subsection we will limit ourselves to di-leptons and di-jets. Clearly, in contrast to before where a not-too-widebump provides an easy handle on the backgrounds e.g. from the side bands or ad-hoc fits of the background shapeexcluding the peak region, here a better understanding of the backgrounds is crucial. An important component is theuncertainty on the SM predictions originating from the PDF uncertainties. The modern library of PDFs LHAPDFprovides convenient tools to estimate the size of these effects, as shown in Figure 8. Clearly a normalization to astandard candle like the Z peak helps to reduce many systematic effects, PDF uncertainties included.Contact interactions offer a general approach for new interactions at a scale above the accessible center-of-massenergy. New phenomena can be observed through virtual effects and interference with the SM amplitudes. Theconstraints obtained this way are on the ratio of coupling divided by the scale. A very popular model searched fortoday is the ADD scenario for extra dimensions.The most promising approach is to use ratios of data from signal enriched and depleted regions or double ratios ofdata and Monte Carlo, both normalized to a well described by the SM region, typically at lower masses, as illustratedby CMS studies, Figure 9. Scales above 15 TeV can be probed already with 1 fb − in the di-muon channel. i-muon Mass [GeV] P D F U n c e r t a i n t y % -40-30-20-10010203040 PDF Uncertainty on DY Cross Sections in %
CTEQ6.1
MRST2006nnlo
PDF Uncertainty on DY Cross Sections in %
Di-muon Mass [GeV] P D F U n c e r t a i n t y % -20-100102030 DY Cross Section Ratios to the Z Peak
CTEQ6.1 Uncorrelated
CTEQ6.1 Correlated
DY Cross Section Ratios to the Z Peak
FIG. 8: CMS PDF uncertainty study for Drell-Yan: Left (8a): uncertainties on the cross section in the CMS acceptance regionfor CTEQ6.1 and MRST2006nnlo as function of mass. Right (8b): the PDF uncertainties are reduced when using ratios tothe Z peak when correlations are taken into account.FIG. 9: CMS compositeness studies using ratios: Left (9a): di-muon study using double ratios of normalized data and MonteCarlo. If the SM is valid, the ratio is 1 independent of mass. Middle(9b): di-muon discovery reach. Right (9c): di-jet studyusing central/forward ratios.
J. “Slow” Particles
Most particles traverse the LHC detectors at speeds very close to the speed of light. But if a new particle isvery heavy (hundreds of GeV) it can be slow ( v < c ) and hard with sizable momentum above 100 GeV. In thiscase it is possible to determine directly the mass of the particle if we can measure both the momentum and β .E.g. in CMS β can be measured two times independently: using time-of-flight in the Drift Tube muon stations orspecific ionization dE/dx in the tracker. This gives a powerful handle to extract the signal, making an early discoveryossible, Figure 10. FIG. 10: CMS heavy stable charged particles (HSCP) study. Two measurements of β − in the tracker and the muon drifttubes: Left (10a) - signal, Middle(10b) - background. Right (10c): discovery reach. K. Unusual Event Shapes
So far we have looked at the best measured objects in collider experiments like leptons, photons, jets and missingtransverse energy, which have fuelled many discoveries over the last decades. Given the large jump in energy, a closerlook at the general event shape and charged or neutral particle multiplicities is certainly among the first topics andpapers to come from the LHC. Besides testing the SM, the Monte Carlo generator tuning and the extrapolations fromthe Tevatron, new phenomena like TeV strings or mini blackholes can be produced copiously in extra dimensionsmodels with a low enough Planck scale. The experimental signatures are striking. Mini blackholes for example willevaporate “democratically” through Hawking radiation producing high multiplicity “circular” events, much morespherical than the usual “jetty” events, as seen in Figure 11. This could open the prospect of studying quantumgravity at colliders. Scales up to 5 TeV can be probed with luminosity not even reaching 1 fb − . III. OUTLOOK
The ATLAS and CMS collaborations are about to start exploring the Terascale - the culmination of long prepa-rations and many thousands of man–years of hard work. This will open a reach search field for early discoveries:resonances first, hopefully enabling us to fix the scale for new physics. Many other searches like single photons, heavyMajorana neutrinos and right-handed bosons, little Higgs, doubly-charged scalars, isosinglet quarks, same sign top,WW scattering, etc. are not covered in the limited time available.The experiments are concentrating their efforts to be ready when first collisions take place this fall: detectors, dataacquisition systems and software are in place awaiting first LHC data, A lot of inspired work lies ahead to understanddetectors of this scale and to avoid “discovering” detector features. The years ahead will be very exciting and theprospects are excellent for paper titles beginning with “Observation of” and not with “Search for”. And be preparedfor the unexpected.
IG. 11: Black hole studies: Left (11a): The striking difference in sphericity (CMS). Right (11b): ATLAS discovery reach fordifferent luminosities as function of the number of extra dimensions.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank the physicists in ATLAS and CMS for kindly providing their results, Boaz Klima,Sarah Eno, Albert de Roeck and Karl Jakobs for their input in preparing the talk.Last but not least, the author thanks the organizers for the invitation and the kind hospitality. [1] ATLAS public results, https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Atlas/AtlasPhysicsPublicResults[2] ATLAS Exotica group, https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Atlas/ExoticsWorkingGroup[3] CMS Collaboration, “The CMS Physics Technical Design Report, Volume I,” CERN/LHCC 2006-001, CERN, Geneva,2006.[4] CMS Collaboration, “The CMS Physics Technical Design Report, Volume II,” CERN/LHCC 2006-021, CERN, Geneva,2006 and references therein. Published in J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.34