Oxygen yields as a constraint on feedback processes in galaxies
Maritza A. Lara-Lopez, Maria Emilia De Rossi, Leonid S. Pilyugin, Anna Gallazzi, Thomas M. Hughes, Igor A. Zinchenko
MMNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Preprint 13 September 2019 Compiled using MNRAS L A TEX style file v3.0
Oxygen yields as a constraint on feedback processes in galaxies
Maritza A. Lara-López (cid:63) , Maria Emilia De Rossi , , Leonid S. Pilyugin , Anna Gallazzi ,Thomas M. Hughes , , , , Igor A. Zinchenko , DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Lyngbyvej 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Ciclo Básico Común. Buenos Aires, Argentina CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE). Buenos Aires, Argentina Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 27 Akademika Zabolotnoho St, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy, China-Chile Joint Center for Astronomy, Camino El Observatorio Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avda. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
Accepted XXX. Received YYY; in original form ZZZ
ABSTRACT
We study the interplay between several properties determined from Optical and a com-bination of Optical/Radio measurements, such as the effective Oxygen yield (y eff ), the starformation efficiency, gas metallicity, depletion time, gas fraction, and baryonic mass (M bar ),among others. We use spectroscopic data from the SDSS survey, and HI information fromthe ALFALFA survey to build a statistically significant sample of more than 5,000 galax-ies. Furthermore, we complement our analysis with data from the GASS and COLD GASSsurveys, and with a sample of star forming galaxies from the Virgo cluster. Additionally, wehave compared our results with predictions from the EAGLE simulations, finding a very goodagreement when using the high resolution run. We explore in detail the M bar -y eff relation,finding a bimodal trend that can be separated when the stellar age of galaxies is considered.On one hand, y eff increases with M bar for young galaxies(log(t r ) < eff showsan anti-correlation with M bar for older galaxies (log(t r ) > bar and y eff has been observed and studied before, mainly for samples of dwarfs and irreg-ular galaxies, their anti-correlated counterpart for massive galaxies has not been previouslyreported. The EAGLE simulations indicate that AGN feedback must have played an importantrole in their history by quenching their star formation rate, whereas low mass galaxies wouldhave been affected by a combination of outflows and infall of gas. Key words: galaxies: abundances – galaxies: fundamental parameters – galaxies: star forma-tion – galaxies: abundances
The evolution of galaxies is intimately dependent on the conversionof gas into stars, the production of heavy elements, recycling ofthis material into the interstellar medium, and repetitions of thiscycle. A detailed understanding of the interplay between each ofgas mass, star formation rate, and metallicity is clearly important tounderstand the galaxy evolution process.A key variable in the gas recycling process and a primaryelement in the evolution of galaxies is the amount of atomic andmolecular hydrogen, or HI and H , respectively. Large HI surveys (cid:63) E-mail: [email protected] such as the Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo L-band Feed Array (AL-FALFA, Haynes et al. 2011), and the GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey(GASS, Catinella et al. 2010), have provided HI information forthousands and hundreds of galaxies, respectively, leading to newscaling relationships and dependencies in galaxies. Additionally,CO information using the IRAM 30-m telescope has been exploredby the COLD GASS survey (Saintonge et al. 2011), obtaining H estimates for a sample of ∼
350 nearby, massive galaxies.Scaling relations between stellar mass and star formation rate(M-SFR), and between mass and metallicity (M-Z), have been ex-plored for many years (e.g., Tremonti et al. 2004; Noeske et al.2007; Lara-López et al. 2013a). Only during the last decade andwith the advent of large surveys, multiwavelength approaches com- © 2019 The Authors a r X i v : . [ a s t r o - ph . GA ] S e p Maritza A. Lara-López bining radio and optical observations have successfully providedcritical information to investigate the connection between neutraland/or molecular gas and metallicity for large samples of galax-ies. For example, Bothwell (2013) analyze the relationship betweenmetallicity, gas content and stellar mass of local galaxies usingdata from SDSS and ALFALFA, finding a fundamental relationshipbetween those variables. Lara-López et al. (2013b) studied the rela-tionship between cold gas, metallicity and specific SFR through theZ-SSFR relationship. They found that at a given mass, and depend-ing on the amount of gas, galaxies follow opposite behaviors; whilelow-mass galaxies with high/low gas fractions show high/moderateSSFR and low/high metallicities, respectively, whereas high-massgalaxies with moderate/low gas fractions will show high/low metal-licities.Different physical explanations can be given to justify the na-ture of scaling relationships. Many observational and theoreticalapproaches have been done around the origin of the M-Z rela-tion, either attributed to the presence of inflows (Dalcanton 2007),outflows (Larson 1974), differences in the star formation efficiency(SFE) of galaxies (Brooks et al. 2009; Finlator & Davé 2008; Caluraet al. 2009), or variations on the initial mass function (IMF, Köppenet al. 2007).However, the degree in which each one of them affect themetal enrichment and SFR in galaxies is still a matter of debate.For instance, Calura et al. (2009) reproduced the M-Z relation withchemical evolution models by increasing the efficiency of star for-mation in galaxies of all morphological types, without the need foroutflows favoring the loss of metals in the less massive galaxies.Furthermore, Vale Asari et al. (2009) modeled the time evolutionof stellar metallicity using a closed-box chemical evolution picture.They suggest that the M-Z relation for galaxies in the mass rangefrom 10 . to 10 . M (cid:12) is mainly driven by the star formationhistory and not by inflows or outflows.On the other hand, it was pointed out in the high-resolutionsimulations of Brooks et al. (2009), that supernovae feedback playsa crucial role in lowering the star formation efficiency in low-massgalaxies. Without energy injection from supernovae to regulate thestar formation, gas that remains in galaxies rapidly cools, formsstars, and increases its metallicity too early, producing a M-Z re-lation that is too flat compared to observations. Nevertheless, Dal-canton (2007) affirm that the fraction of baryonic mass lost throughwinds is quite modest ( < gas ), and the gas mass fraction µ = M gas /(M gas + M star ) , where M gas is the gas mass, and M star is the stellarmass (hereafter, M star implies M star / M sun ). As gas is converted intostars, the gas mass fraction decreases and the metallicity of the gas increases according to Searle & Sargent (1972) as:Z gas = y true ln ( / µ ) (1)where y true is the true nucleosynthetic yield, defined as the massin primary elements freshly produced by massive stars, in units ofstellar mass that is locked up in long-lived stars and stellar remnants.If a galaxy evolves as a closed box, the ratio of Eq. 1 should be aconstant equal to the nucleosynthetic yield. However, this ratio willbe lower if metals have been lost from the system through outflows ofgas, or if the current gas has been diluted with fresh infall of metal-poor gas. Therefore, the next ratio has been defined as effectiveyield: y eff = Z gas / In ( / µ ) (2)The effective yield will be constant ( y eff = y true ) for any galaxythat has evolved as a closed box. The simple closed-box modelassumes both instantaneous recycling and that the products of stellarnucleosynthesis are neither diluted by infalling pristine gas nor lostto the system via outflow of enriched gas (e.g., Talbot & Arnett 1971;Searle & Sargent 1972). In contrast, if any gas has either entered orleft the galaxy, the effective yield will drop below the closed boxvalue due to changes in metallicity and/or gas mass fraction. Forexample, by means of an analytical chemical evolution model, (e.g.,Kudritzki et al. 2015) showed that high effective yield of galaxiesmay be explained by relatively low rates of accretion and winds.Therefore, the effective yield is an observational quantity that canbe used to diagnose the addition or removal of gas in a galaxy, seeEdmunds et al. (1990) and Dalcanton (2007) for a more detailedexplanation on yields.Tremonti et al. (2004) used a sample of ∼ ∼ eff decreases with decreasing baryonic mass, attributing the decrease ofthe effective yield at low galaxy masses to galactic winds removingmetals more efficiently from the shallower potential wells of dwarfgalaxies.The direct measurement of oxygen yields requires radio ob-servations to measure gas masses, as well as spectroscopy to mea-sure metallicities. Then, it is natural that so far direct estimationsof oxygen yields have been explored in relatively small samples.For example, by investigating the maximum metallicity value ofspiral galaxies, Pilyugin et al. (2007) determined the gas metallic-ity through the electron temperature, obtaining an oxygen yield ofabout ∼ MNRAS000
350 nearby, massive galaxies.Scaling relations between stellar mass and star formation rate(M-SFR), and between mass and metallicity (M-Z), have been ex-plored for many years (e.g., Tremonti et al. 2004; Noeske et al.2007; Lara-López et al. 2013a). Only during the last decade andwith the advent of large surveys, multiwavelength approaches com- © 2019 The Authors a r X i v : . [ a s t r o - ph . GA ] S e p Maritza A. Lara-López bining radio and optical observations have successfully providedcritical information to investigate the connection between neutraland/or molecular gas and metallicity for large samples of galax-ies. For example, Bothwell (2013) analyze the relationship betweenmetallicity, gas content and stellar mass of local galaxies usingdata from SDSS and ALFALFA, finding a fundamental relationshipbetween those variables. Lara-López et al. (2013b) studied the rela-tionship between cold gas, metallicity and specific SFR through theZ-SSFR relationship. They found that at a given mass, and depend-ing on the amount of gas, galaxies follow opposite behaviors; whilelow-mass galaxies with high/low gas fractions show high/moderateSSFR and low/high metallicities, respectively, whereas high-massgalaxies with moderate/low gas fractions will show high/low metal-licities.Different physical explanations can be given to justify the na-ture of scaling relationships. Many observational and theoreticalapproaches have been done around the origin of the M-Z rela-tion, either attributed to the presence of inflows (Dalcanton 2007),outflows (Larson 1974), differences in the star formation efficiency(SFE) of galaxies (Brooks et al. 2009; Finlator & Davé 2008; Caluraet al. 2009), or variations on the initial mass function (IMF, Köppenet al. 2007).However, the degree in which each one of them affect themetal enrichment and SFR in galaxies is still a matter of debate.For instance, Calura et al. (2009) reproduced the M-Z relation withchemical evolution models by increasing the efficiency of star for-mation in galaxies of all morphological types, without the need foroutflows favoring the loss of metals in the less massive galaxies.Furthermore, Vale Asari et al. (2009) modeled the time evolutionof stellar metallicity using a closed-box chemical evolution picture.They suggest that the M-Z relation for galaxies in the mass rangefrom 10 . to 10 . M (cid:12) is mainly driven by the star formationhistory and not by inflows or outflows.On the other hand, it was pointed out in the high-resolutionsimulations of Brooks et al. (2009), that supernovae feedback playsa crucial role in lowering the star formation efficiency in low-massgalaxies. Without energy injection from supernovae to regulate thestar formation, gas that remains in galaxies rapidly cools, formsstars, and increases its metallicity too early, producing a M-Z re-lation that is too flat compared to observations. Nevertheless, Dal-canton (2007) affirm that the fraction of baryonic mass lost throughwinds is quite modest ( < gas ), and the gas mass fraction µ = M gas /(M gas + M star ) , where M gas is the gas mass, and M star is the stellarmass (hereafter, M star implies M star / M sun ). As gas is converted intostars, the gas mass fraction decreases and the metallicity of the gas increases according to Searle & Sargent (1972) as:Z gas = y true ln ( / µ ) (1)where y true is the true nucleosynthetic yield, defined as the massin primary elements freshly produced by massive stars, in units ofstellar mass that is locked up in long-lived stars and stellar remnants.If a galaxy evolves as a closed box, the ratio of Eq. 1 should be aconstant equal to the nucleosynthetic yield. However, this ratio willbe lower if metals have been lost from the system through outflows ofgas, or if the current gas has been diluted with fresh infall of metal-poor gas. Therefore, the next ratio has been defined as effectiveyield: y eff = Z gas / In ( / µ ) (2)The effective yield will be constant ( y eff = y true ) for any galaxythat has evolved as a closed box. The simple closed-box modelassumes both instantaneous recycling and that the products of stellarnucleosynthesis are neither diluted by infalling pristine gas nor lostto the system via outflow of enriched gas (e.g., Talbot & Arnett 1971;Searle & Sargent 1972). In contrast, if any gas has either entered orleft the galaxy, the effective yield will drop below the closed boxvalue due to changes in metallicity and/or gas mass fraction. Forexample, by means of an analytical chemical evolution model, (e.g.,Kudritzki et al. 2015) showed that high effective yield of galaxiesmay be explained by relatively low rates of accretion and winds.Therefore, the effective yield is an observational quantity that canbe used to diagnose the addition or removal of gas in a galaxy, seeEdmunds et al. (1990) and Dalcanton (2007) for a more detailedexplanation on yields.Tremonti et al. (2004) used a sample of ∼ ∼ eff decreases with decreasing baryonic mass, attributing the decrease ofthe effective yield at low galaxy masses to galactic winds removingmetals more efficiently from the shallower potential wells of dwarfgalaxies.The direct measurement of oxygen yields requires radio ob-servations to measure gas masses, as well as spectroscopy to mea-sure metallicities. Then, it is natural that so far direct estimationsof oxygen yields have been explored in relatively small samples.For example, by investigating the maximum metallicity value ofspiral galaxies, Pilyugin et al. (2007) determined the gas metallic-ity through the electron temperature, obtaining an oxygen yield ofabout ∼ MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators effective yield of low-mass galaxies as compared to more massivegalaxies.Furthermore, Garnett et al. (2002) analyzed a sample of 40spiral and irregular galaxies with rotation speeds ranging from afew to 300 km/s. He finds that the effective yield correlates withV rot up to V rot ∼
125 km/s. However, the V rot -Y eff relation showsa change in slope for higher V rot values, where there appears to beno relation. Garnett et al. (2002) attributes this change in behaviorto increasing loss of metals from the smaller galaxies in supernova-driven winds.Thuan et al. (2016) analyzed a sample of 29 extremely metal-deficient blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies, finding that about65% of the BCDs in their sample have an y eff larger than they true . They explain that the most likely scenario is that the y eff has been overestimated, since when calculating it, it is assumed thatthe metallicity of the neutral gas is equal to that of the ionized gas,an assumption not likely to be true. They show that the neutral gasenvelope in BCDs is more metal-deficient by a factor of ∼ y eff = − . with a 0.2 dex scatter acrossthe mass range. In general, they observe that gas–poor galaxiesare typically more metal rich, and demonstrate that the removalof gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed averagemetallicity by ∼ .In this paper, we examine several scaling relations by com-bining several optical and radio properties, in particular for oxygenyields. This paper is organized as follows: In § § §
4, weanalyze and compare our results with those obtained with the EA-GLE simulations. In § bar and y eff is presented. A discussion is presented in §
6, andfinally, our conclusions are given in §
7. Throughout this paper weassume H =
70 km s − Mpc − , Ω M = . Ω Λ = . The combination of panchromatic data represent a major step on theunderstanding of how galaxies assemble their mass and evolve. Thispaper combines optical and radio wavelengths to produce combinedproperties, such as gas fractions ( µ ), SFE, baryonic masses (M bar ),and effective oxygen yields (y eff ).We consider data for emission-line galaxies from several largesurveys. In Optical, we use the Sloan Digital Sky Survey–DataRelease 7 (SDSS–DR7, Abazajian et al. 2009) and the spectroscopicsample of the Virgo cluster from (Hughes et al. 2013). In radio weuse the ALFALFA (Haynes et al. 2011) and GASS (Catinella et al.2010) surveys to obtain HI gas, and the COLD GASS (Saintongeet al. 2011) survey to obtain H information for a subsample of ourgalaxies. All galaxies from GASS and COLD GASS surveys haveoptical counterparts from the SDSS survey. Since our sample istaken from different surveys, it present different spatial resolutionsand instrument aperture sizes. A more detailed analysis will be givenusing EAGLE simulations in Appendix B. Data from the SDSS were taken with the 2.5 m telescope lo-cated at Apache Point Observatory (Gunn et al. 2006). We usethe emission-line analysis of SDSS-DR7 galaxy spectra performedby the MPA-JHU database . From the full dataset, we only con-sider objects classified as galaxies in the “main galaxy sample”(Strauss et al. 2002) with apparent Petrosian r –magnitudes in therange 14 . < m r < .
77. Additionally, we make use of the spec-troscopic data from the Virgo cluster taken with the CARELECspectrograph on the 1.93 m telescope at Observatoire de HauteProvence, as described by Hughes et al. (2013).For reliable metallicity, SFRs, and E(B-V) estimates, we se-lected galaxies with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3 in H α , H β ,[N ii], and [O iii] λ § ∼ ∼ α linefollowing the prescription of Hopkins et al. (2003) and assuminga Salpeter IMF. SFRs are corrected by Balmer Decrements, stellarabsorption, aperture and obscuration as detailed by Brough et al.(2011), Gunawardhana et al. (2011), and Lara-López et al. (2013a).SFRs were converted to a Chabrier et al. IMF dividing them by 1.5, , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López log ( [NII] l a ) l og ( [ O III] l H b ) l l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll ll ll lll ll l lll ll lll lll ll ll l ll lll l ll l l ll llll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll l ll ll llll ll ll llll l llll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll llllll l lll lll ll ll l lll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll llll ll lll ll ll lll l ll llll ll llll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll ll lllll ll ll ll llll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll llll ll ll ll lll lll ll l l l ll l ll ll l llll l l ll ll l ll ll l ll l lll ll ll llll ll l lll l lll l lll l lll l l ll ll ll l lll lll ll l lll ll l llllll lll ll l ll l ll l l lll l ll ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll lll l l ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll l lll l ll ll ll l ll ll l lllll l l ll ll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l l ll ll lllll l l ll lll ll lll lll ll lll lll lll l ll lll ll lll l ll llll lll l ll ll l l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l l l lll l ll lll l lllllll l ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll ll l ll ll lll lll 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ll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l l ll l l ll l l l ll lll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lllll l ll lll lll llll l lll l l ll l l ll lll ll l llll lll ll l l ll lll llll l lll llll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll lll ll llll llll ll lll llll lll l llll llll ll lll ll lll l lll l ll l l lll l ll l l lllll ll ll ll l l lll lll ll lll l ll lll l l l lll l l lll lllll lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll ll llll lll l ll l lllll l l ll llll l lll lllll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll l ll l ll l llll l ll llll l ll ll ll l l lll l l lll lll lll ll l llll l lll l lll l lll l lll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l llll l l l ll llll l l lll ll ll lll l ll l l ll l ll l lll l ll lll lllll ll l l ll l l lll lll lll l llllll l lll ll lll ll l l ll lll ll lll lll l l ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll l l l ll lll lll lll ll ll l ll lllll ll lll lll l lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll l llll ll ll llll lll l ll l lll l ll l l ll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll l l llll ll ll l ll ll l lll ll l lll lll l l llll lll ll llll l lll lll lll ll ll llll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll l lll l ll l ll l lll l lll llll l ll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll l l lll llll ll ll l l lll l lll lll lll lll ll l lll l ll ll lllll lll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll l l l ll ll l ll lllll ll l lll lll ll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l l l ll lll l ll l l llllll lll l llll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll lll lll lll lll l l l ll ll ll l lll ll llll lll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l llll l ll l ll llll ll l ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll llll l lll ll l ll l lll l l lll l l l llll ll l lll l ll ll ll l l lll lll l ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll ll ll l llll l lll l lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll l llll lll lll l lllll l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll lll l llllll ll ll ll l l lll l ll ll l l llll ll ll ll lll ll lll l lll ll ll ll l l lllll l ll l lll l l ll ll ll lll l ll ll l lll l lll l lll llll l ll ll lll l llll ll l l l ll lll ll llll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l l l lll l lll lll lll llll lll ll lll ll l ll l l ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll llll lllll lll l ll lll lll l ll l llll lll llll ll ll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l llll l ll lllll llll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll l lllll ll lll ll l lll l l ll l ll ll lllll ll lll lll ll ll lllll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll l lll l lll l ll ll llll ll lll l l lll l l lll ll llll llll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll lll ll ll lll l l lll ll l ll ll l ll l llll l llll ll l lllll ll l ll lll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l l ll lll l llll llll ll l lll ll l llll l ll llll l ll lll ll l ll lll l lll ll l ll lll l lll l ll l llll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll llll lll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll llllll ll llll lll lll ll lll ll ll lllll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll l l llll lll l l ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll l l lll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l lllll lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l l l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l l l ll l l lllll l l llll l lll ll l l lllll l l ll llll lll l ll ll ll ll llll lll l ll lll ll ll l l llll ll lll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lllll ll l lll lll lll ll llll l ll l ll lll ll ll l lll l ll l lll l ll l ll lll lll l l lll lllll l llll ll ll llll lll l lll l lll lll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll l lllll ll l lll lll l lll ll ll l lll ll llll l ll l ll ll lll l lllll l ll ll llll l ll lll l l ll ll llll l ll lll ll l ll l llllll l lll l l l lllll ll ll lll lll l l llll lll llll ll l ll ll l lll l ll ll lll l l lll lll ll ll lll lll ll lll l l lll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l llll ll l l ll ll llll ll lll l lll llll llll lll ll l l llll l llll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll l ll l ll l l lll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll l lll llll l ll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll llll lll lll ll ll ll llll lll lll ll lll ll llll l lll ll l ll l lll ll l l llll l lllll llll llll l ll l lll llll l ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lllllll ll l llll lll l ll ll lll lllll l ll l l ll lll ll lll ll l lllll lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll l lll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll llllll l ll l lll l ll l l lll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll lll ll lll llll l ll ll l lll llll l ll l ll lll l lllll ll l l ll lll l ll lll l lll l l lll l llll lll ll l l ll l ll lll ll l l lll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll lll lll lll llll l lll l ll l ll ll l lll l ll llll l ll ll lllll ll ll ll l l lll l l llll ll ll ll llll l ll ll lll l ll ll l lll lll lll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll llll l l ll lll l ll l llll l l lll lllll lll lllllll ll lll lll ll l ll ll ll l lllll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll llll ll l ll l ll l l lll l ll l l ll ll lll llll l lll l ll lll ll ll l l lllll lll lll ll ll l l llll llll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l ll llll l ll lll ll lll ll l ll ll lll lll ll lllll l lll ll l ll ll l llll l lll lll l ll ll lll l l l ll ll lll l l l l lll ll lll llllll l l lll lll ll l lll l ll l ll l ll ll l l lll l l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l llll l ll lll l l l ll l ll lll l lll l ll l ll l l lll l ll lll lllll l lll lll l ll l ll lll ll lll ll l ll llll llll llll lll ll l ll ll ll llll llll l ll l ll llll lll ll lll llll l llll ll l llll lll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll l llllll ll lllll llll l llllll l l llll l lll l l lll ll ll l l ll ll ll llll ll l l ll ll ll lll lll l l ll l ll lll ll ll l l l ll ll llll l l lll lll ll l lll l lll l lll ll llll ll l lll lll l lll llll l l l lll llll lll ll l ll lll l ll l ll ll l lll l llll llll l l l l lllllll l l l lll lll l l ll ll l l ll l lll ll l lll ll l l lll l lll l lll ll lll l l l ll ll lll ll l llll lll ll ll l llll lll llll ll lll l ll l l llll lll ll l ll l ll l l llll ll l l lllll lll ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll llll ll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll ll l ll l lll ll lll ll lll l ll l ll l ll llllll lll l llll l lll llll lll l llll l l ll l ll ll ll llll lll ll llll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l llll l ll lllll ll ll l lll ll ll llll lll ll lll ll ll ll llll llll ll ll l lll llll llll lll ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll ll ll llll lll ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l lll lll lll ll ll ll ll l ll llll l l ll l ll llll ll l l lll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll lll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll l lll ll ll llll ll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll l l llll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l l ll l lll ll ll l llll ll l lll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll l llll lll lll ll lll l llll llllll l ll lll lll l l llll l l l ll l llll l ll lll lll l llll l l lll lll l ll l llll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll lll l ll l lll l lll ll l lll ll l lll l ll lll lllll ll lll lll l ll ll lll lllll l lll l l lll l l ll lll ll lll ll l ll lll lll l l ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll l l ll l ll l lll ll lll ll ll l lll l lll l ll l lll l lll lll l lll l ll ll l lll llll l lll l lll l lll llll ll l ll ll llll ll ll ll ll llll l llll ll l l llll ll llll ll l llll ll ll l lll llll l l ll l l llll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l l ll ll l lll lll ll ll llll lll l ll ll llll ll l ll lll l l l ll llll ll ll ll lll lll l ll llll l ll l ll lll ll l l lllll l lll l ll l l ll l ll ll lll lll lll l lll ll llll l l l ll ll ll l ll lll l l ll l lll l l l ll ll lll lll lll l lll l ll l ll ll lll l ll l llll l llll ll ll ll l lll ll lll ll llll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l l ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll lll l l ll l ll ll lll ll l l lllll ll l ll lll lll lll ll ll l lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll l ll l lll l ll ll ll lllll l l l llll ll l lll ll ll l ll l llll ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll l l l ll ll ll lll l lll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lllll ll lll l lll l lll ll llll l lll l l l lll lll l ll ll l llll l lll ll ll ll l l lll lll l lll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll l lll llll ll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll l llllll l llll lll l lll l ll l ll llll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll l l llll llllll ll ll llll l ll ll l ll ll llll lll l l ll l lll l ll lll ll llll ll ll lll ll lll l lll l ll ll l lll lllll l ll lll l llll l lll ll lll l ll l lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l l l lll ll l l ll l lll l ll lllll l l lll ll ll l l lll l ll lll ll l ll l lll llll ll lll ll llll ll lll llll ll lll lll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll lll llll llll lll ll ll l ll lllll ll lll lll ll l ll llll llll lll lll ll lll lll lll ll lll ll ll l ll l l l ll ll ll l lll l ll l lll ll l lll l lll lllll lll l llll ll ll lllll lllll ll ll l l ll lll l l lll llll lll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll lll l ll ll l lll l lll l l ll ll ll l ll ll lll llllll lll l ll ll ll l l ll llllll llll l l lll lll l l lll lll l lll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll lllll lll l l ll l l l llll l llll l l llll l l lll l l ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll l ll lll l l ll llll l ll llll l ll ll lll l llll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll l ll lll lll l l lll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll l l llll ll ll l ll l ll l llll l l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll l ll lll l lll lll ll lll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll lllll l l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll l llll l l lll lllll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l l llll l l ll ll lll l lll ll ll ll llll ll l l ll l lll ll llll l llll llll llll l l llll l llll l l l ll l lll ll lll ll ll lll lll lll l llll l ll l l ll ll llll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll l ll l ll l lll l lllll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll l lll l lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l lll ll ll l llll l lll l lll l ll l lll lllll l lll ll lll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll llll lll l l ll l ll l l l ll ll l ll l ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll lll l llll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll lllll lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll ll l lll l l lll lll l llll ll ll ll l lll ll llll l ll lll lll ll l lll lll ll l lll ll l ll llll l l ll lll ll l ll l l lll ll l lll l lll lll lll ll lll ll l lll ll l llll llll lll ll lll l lll l lll l ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll lll lll ll lll ll l ll lll l llll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l l lll llll l llll l lll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll lll ll l l lll ll l ll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll l lll ll llll ll lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l lllll lll ll l ll l ll ll ll llllll l ll ll l l ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l l l lll ll ll ll ll llll ll l l llll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l llll lll llll ll l lll lll ll llll l llll ll l l ll ll ll ll lllll ll l l ALFALFA l GASSCOLD GASSVIRGO l −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5−1.3−0.8−0.30.20.71.2 Figure 1.
BPT diagram for our final sample of galaxies. Grey backgrounddata show SDSS galaxies with a S/N > and converted to the Brinchmann et al. (2004) system applying thelinear conversion from Lara-López et al. (2013a):log ( SFR ) BCH = . + . × log ( SFR ) HOP (3)SFRs for Virgo cluster galaxies are also estimated using theFUV data as described by Hughes et al. (2013). Since SFRs estima-tions using H α and FUV agree very well, to keep consistency withthe data used in this paper, we use SFRs estimated with the H α line.To estimate gas metallicities, we use the three-dimensionalcalibration relations for abundance determinations from a set ofstrong emission lines suggested by Pilyugin & Grebel (2016).The oxygen abundances 12+log(O/H) R are determined using theR calibration (Eq. 4), which uses the following ratios: R = [O ii] λ + λ β , R = [O iii] λ + λ β , and N =[N ii] λ + λ β .The R calibration is bimodal, for log(N ) (cid:62) − + log ( O / H ) R , U = . + .
022 log ( R / R ) + .
399 log ( N ) + [ − . + .
164 log ( R / R ) + .
589 log ( N ) ] × log ( R ) while for log ( N ) < − . ( lower branch ) :12 + log ( O / H ) R , L = . + .
944 log ( R / R ) + .
695 log ( N ) + [ . + .
291 log ( R / R ) − .
019 log ( N ) ] × log ( R ) (4)It has been argued that this three-dimensional R calibrationproduces reliable abundances for fibre spectra from the SDSS (Pi-lyugin et al. 2018). It should be noted that the oxygen abundancesdetermined through the R calibration are compatible to the metallic-ity scale of H ii regions defined by the H ii regions with abundances obtained through the direct T e method. Note that for SDSS datawe are estimating gas metallicities in a single 3" fiber spectra pergalaxy. To address the biases due to the SDSS fiber, in AppendixA we compare SDSS single fiber and integrated MaNGA IFU datafor 59 common sources, finding a mean difference of ∼ + log ( O / H ) R O3N2 = . (± . )− . (± . )× O3N2 (5)where the O3N2 index is defined as (Pettini & Pagel 2004):O3N2 = log (cid:18) [ O iii ] λ / H β [ N ii ] λ / H α (cid:19) , (6)The mean difference between the metallicities estimated di-rectly using Pilyugin & Grebel (2016) method, and metallicitiesestimated from Eq. 5 is ∼ / n × (cid:205) ni = | ( y i − ˆ y i )/ y i | , where y is the actualvalue and ˆ y the predicted) is ∼ ∼ ( O / H ) D = . × [ + log ( O / H ) R − . ] (7)Then, the total gas + dust oxygen abundance, used throughoutthis paper, is:12 + log ( O / H ) T = + log ( O / H ) R + log ( O / H ) D (8)Finally, as an indicator of dust content, we estimated the colorexcess E(B-V) (e.g. Calzetti et al. 1996). For its estimation, differentradios from Hydrogen recombination lines can be used, for oursample, we are using H α and H β , and the prescription of Calzettiet al. (1994) as follows:E ( B − V ) gas = log ( R obs / R int ) . [ k ( λ H α ) − k ( λ H β ) ] (9)where the observed radio R obs is the Balmer decrement(H α /H β ), and the intrinsic ratio R int is 2.86, taking a case B re-combination (Osterbrock 1989). Finally, k ( λ ) corresponds to thedust extinction curve, in this case, we use Calzetti et al. (2000),which is based on a set of starburst galaxies, appropriate for thisanalysis: k ( λ ) = . (cid:18) − . + . λ (cid:19) + . , for 0 . µ m (cid:54) λ (cid:54) . µ m , and k ( λ ) = . (cid:18) − . + . λ − . λ + . λ (cid:19) + . , for 0 . µ m (cid:54) λ (cid:54) . µ m (10) MNRAS000
019 log ( N ) ] × log ( R ) (4)It has been argued that this three-dimensional R calibrationproduces reliable abundances for fibre spectra from the SDSS (Pi-lyugin et al. 2018). It should be noted that the oxygen abundancesdetermined through the R calibration are compatible to the metallic-ity scale of H ii regions defined by the H ii regions with abundances obtained through the direct T e method. Note that for SDSS datawe are estimating gas metallicities in a single 3" fiber spectra pergalaxy. To address the biases due to the SDSS fiber, in AppendixA we compare SDSS single fiber and integrated MaNGA IFU datafor 59 common sources, finding a mean difference of ∼ + log ( O / H ) R O3N2 = . (± . )− . (± . )× O3N2 (5)where the O3N2 index is defined as (Pettini & Pagel 2004):O3N2 = log (cid:18) [ O iii ] λ / H β [ N ii ] λ / H α (cid:19) , (6)The mean difference between the metallicities estimated di-rectly using Pilyugin & Grebel (2016) method, and metallicitiesestimated from Eq. 5 is ∼ / n × (cid:205) ni = | ( y i − ˆ y i )/ y i | , where y is the actualvalue and ˆ y the predicted) is ∼ ∼ ( O / H ) D = . × [ + log ( O / H ) R − . ] (7)Then, the total gas + dust oxygen abundance, used throughoutthis paper, is:12 + log ( O / H ) T = + log ( O / H ) R + log ( O / H ) D (8)Finally, as an indicator of dust content, we estimated the colorexcess E(B-V) (e.g. Calzetti et al. 1996). For its estimation, differentradios from Hydrogen recombination lines can be used, for oursample, we are using H α and H β , and the prescription of Calzettiet al. (1994) as follows:E ( B − V ) gas = log ( R obs / R int ) . [ k ( λ H α ) − k ( λ H β ) ] (9)where the observed radio R obs is the Balmer decrement(H α /H β ), and the intrinsic ratio R int is 2.86, taking a case B re-combination (Osterbrock 1989). Finally, k ( λ ) corresponds to thedust extinction curve, in this case, we use Calzetti et al. (2000),which is based on a set of starburst galaxies, appropriate for thisanalysis: k ( λ ) = . (cid:18) − . + . λ (cid:19) + . , for 0 . µ m (cid:54) λ (cid:54) . µ m , and k ( λ ) = . (cid:18) − . + . λ − . λ + . λ (cid:19) + . , for 0 . µ m (cid:54) λ (cid:54) . µ m (10) MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators ALFALFA (Haynes et al. 2011) is a blind survey of 21 cm HIemission over ∼ of sky. We are using the catalog publicversion α .70, which provides ∼ ∼ helio < § § ∼
666 galax-ies selected from the SDSS spectroscopic and GALEX imagingsurveys. GASS galaxies are selected to have stellar masses greaterthan 10 M star and redshifts 0.025 < z < § gas masses (M H2 ) were calculated using the prescription of (Sain-tonge et al. 2011) as follows:log ( M H2 / M HI ) = . [ log ( M star ) − . ] − .
387 (11)For galaxies with information from the COLD GASS survey,we used the M H2 estimated directly through CO as shown in Sain-tonge et al. (2011).For the scaling relations analyzed in this paper, gas masses are es-timated as M gas = M HI + M H2 , baryonic masses as M bar = M gas +M star , and gas fractions as: µ = M gas /( M gas + M star ) (12)Effective yields were estimated using Eq. 2 as y eff = Z gas / In ( / µ ) . The value of the oxygen abundance O/H is tradi-tionally expressed in units of the number of oxygen atoms relativeto hydrogen, while the value of Z gas in Eq. 2 have units of massfraction, we adopt the following relation given by Garnett et al.(2002):Z gas = × OH (13)where O/H is obtained from Eq. 8Finally, we proceed to estimate the SFE. There are many defi-nitions for the SFE, taking the ratio of the SFR with respect to eitherthe molecular gas, the neutral gas, or the gas mass (e.g. Leroy 2008).Throughout this paper we are using the global SFE, defined as SFE = SFR/M gas . Additionally, we are estimating the global depletion http://egg.astro.cornell.edu/alfalfa/data/index.php redshift ll l ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll l ll l ll l llll lll lll llll llll ll ll l lll l ll l l ll ll ll ll lll ll llll llllll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll llll lll lll ll llll l lll l ll ll ll l lllll ll ll l lllll lll ll lll llllll l ll ll l lll ll lll lll l ll lll l llll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll lllll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll lll lll l ll lll lll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l l lll lll l ll lll ll lll ll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll llll ll l llll ll l lll l llll ll lll ll l l ll lll lll lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll lll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll l llll lll l ll lll l lllllll ll llllll ll ll l llll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll lll llll l ll ll llll ll ll llll l lll ll ll llll l lllll lll lll l l ll lll ll ll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll l ll llll ll l ll lll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll lll l llll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l lllll ll lll ll lll ll ll ll l l l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l lll ll llll lll l ll l lll lll l llllll ll l l ll lll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll l ll lllll l ll ll lll lll l lllll l ll l lll lll lll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll ll l ll ll llllll ll llll lll l ll ll llll ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll l l ll l llll lllll ll l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll llll ll ll l ll lll l ll lll ll llll llll ll ll ll ll ll l llll l llll lll ll ll lll l lll l lllll ll l llll ll l l ll l ll lll lll ll l l l ll l l lll l l ll lll l l llll lllll l lll ll ll l llll llll ll lll ll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll ll llll l l l lll llll l ll l ll ll lll lll lll l ll l l ll lll lll l l l llllll llll lll lll ll l ll lll ll lll ll l l llll ll l ll ll lll ll llll l ll l ll l lll ll lllll ll lll ll l l lll llll lll l ll ll llllll lll l ll llll lll lll l l l ll l ll ll l l lll ll ll lll ll l lll ll lll l lllll ll l ll lll llll lll llll ll lll ll l l ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l l 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l lll ll lll lll llll ll ll ll lll lll ll llll llll ll lll lll l llll ll lll ll llll ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll lll l ll lll l lll lll l l lll l l ll ll lll l ll ll l ll ll lll lllll ll lllll ll l lll lll lll l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lllll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll ll l llll ll lll ll lll l lll l lll l llll ll l ll l ll l ll ll lll lllll l lll l llll l ll ll llll l l l ll ll ll ll lll lll llll lll ll ll l llll l lllll lll ll ll l ll l lllll l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll ll ll l lllll l llll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll lll l llll lll ll l ll llll ll llll ll l ll lll l ll l l lll l l ll l lll l llll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll l lll l lll llll ll l ll l llll lll llll l ll lll ll lllll llll llll l lll llll l lll ll l lll l lll lllll l lll ll lll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll lll ll llll l l lllll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll ll l l l ll l l lll l ll l l ll lll l lll ll lll l ll ll llll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l lll lll ll ll ll l l l ll lll ll lll ll ll llll l l l ll ll lll ll lll lll lllll l lllll lll lllll lll l ll ll ll l l l lll lll l llll l l ll l ll l l ll llll l lllll llll lll l llll l lll lll l lll ll l ll llll lll l l ll l ll llll l lll ll l lllll l ll l llll lll ll l llll llll llll llll l lll ll l l lll l ll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll llll l ll llll ll lll lll ll llll ll ll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll llll l lll l ll llll l ll l ll lll lll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l l lll l ll ll llll ll l l ll l llll ll l ll ll ll l l lll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l l ll lllllll llll ll ll l ll llll lll lll l l ll lll ll ll lll llllll ll ll l ll l lllll l ll lllll l ll l ll lll ll lllll ll llll l l lll lll l lllllll l ll ll lll l ll ll llll ll ll l l lll lll ll lllll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll llllll llll lllll lll lll l ll l l ll lll l ll ll l l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l ll lll l lll ll l ll l l lll llllll lllll l lll l l lll lll l ll l llll ll llll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll lll l l ll l ll lll l llll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l llll l l l lll ll llll ll lll l ll lll lll llll ll ll l ll l ll l l llll ll lll l l ll lll ll ll lll lll ll l ll l ll ll l ll l lll ll ll l lll ll lllll llllll ll ll ll l lllll ll llll ll l lll ll lll ll lll ll llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l llllll lll lll lll llll lll llll ll l llllllll ll l ll l l lll llll lll lll l lll llll l ll ll ll lll llll lll ll lllll llll l llll ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l llllll lll l ll l lll l lll ll l l lll ll l llll lll llll l lll llll llll l ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll l ll llll lll l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll llll lll llll l lll ll ll ll ll ll lll lll l lll lll l lllll ll l lll l llll lll llll l ll l ll lllll l lll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll lllllll ll lll lllll ll lll ll l lllll ll l lll l ll lll llll l llll llll l ll l ll lll l l lll l ll lll l ll l llll l l l ll l ll ll lllll l l lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l llll ll lll l llll lll lll l lll ll lll lll ll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll llll ll l ll l ll l ll l llll l l l lll ll ll l lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll llll l l l ll l ll l ll l lll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l llll lll ll lll l l l ll l ll lll lll ll ll lll lll l l ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll lll ll l lll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l llll llll ll llllll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll llll l llll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll ll lll llll ll lll l lllllll llll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll lll l l ll lll l l lll l l lll l l lll l lll llll l ll llll ll l lll ll lll lll l lll lll ll l ll l ll llll l ll llll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll l l lll ll l ll l ll l lll l llll llll ll lll lll ll ll l llll l lll l ll llll l l ll ll ll lll llll ll lll l ll ll ll l lllll ll ll lll lll l l ll ll lllll ll l lll lll ll ll lll llll lll ll ll l lll ll ll l lll llll ll lll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll l llll 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ll lll l l lll l ll lll l ll l llll l l l ll l ll ll lllll l l lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l llll ll lll l llll lll lll l lll ll lll lll ll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll llll ll l ll l ll l ll l llll l l l lll ll ll l lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll llll l l l ll l ll l ll l lll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l llll lll ll lll l l l ll l ll lll lll ll ll lll lll l l ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll lll ll l lll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l llll llll ll llllll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll llll l llll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll ll lll llll ll lll l lllllll llll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll lll l l ll lll l l lll l l lll l l lll l lll llll l ll llll ll l lll ll lll lll l lll lll ll l ll l ll llll l ll llll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll l l lll ll l ll l ll l lll l llll llll ll lll lll ll ll l llll l lll l ll llll l l ll ll ll lll llll ll lll l ll ll ll l lllll ll ll lll lll l l ll ll lllll ll l lll lll ll ll lll llll lll ll ll l lll ll ll l lll llll ll lll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll l llll ll lll l llll ll l ll ll ll l l ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll llll ll lll ll l ll ll ll lll lll lll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll l l ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll lll ll lll l ll ll ll ll l l l lll l llll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l llll llll l lll llll ll l ll lll lll llll l lll ll l l ll lll ll lll ll lll llllllll l l lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll ll ll l lll l l llllll l lll lll ll ll l l l lll ll l llll ll llllll ll lll lll l ll lll ll lllll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll lll l ll ll l lll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll l llll l lll l llll ll l llll l lll llll ll ll l lllll l ll ll lll l lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll llll llll l lll l ll llll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l llll l l lll l lll l ll lll l l ll ll l l lll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll lllll lll l ll ll ll llll lll lll l llll ll l l l ll l lll ll ll ll lll l llll l ll l lll ll l llll lll l lll ll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll llll l lll l llll ll lll llll l l l ll ll lll l ll ll l llll lll ll lll l lll ll l ll lllllll lll l l llll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll llll l llllll l ll ll l lll lll l lll lllll ll ll l lll ll ll llll l l llllll ll ll l l ll ll ll l llll llll ll lll ll llll l lll ll llll ll ll ll l llll lll llll l lll ll l l llll ll ll ll l l lll l lll lll ll ll lll lll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll lll l ll lll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll llllll lll ll ll ll lll lll l llllll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll llllll l llllll llll lll lll llll llll ll llll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll l l lll l llll ll l ll lll lll ll l l l ll lll l lll lll lll lll ll lll ll l lll l l ll lll l ll l lllll ll llll l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll lllll l ll l llll l ll l ll l ll ll ll lll lll ll llll lll l l ll lllll ll l ll ll l lll ll lllllll ll lll l ll lllll l l lll lll llll lll llllllll ll ll lll l l l ll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l l llll l lll ll l l ll llll lllll ll llll llll l ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll l lllll llll l lll l llllll l lll ll l ll lll l ll ll lllll l lll l l lllll l lll ll ll l l ll ll ll l llll l ll llllll ll lll lll l ll l l llll ll l l llllll ll ll l lll ll ll lll lll ll l l lllll l llll ll ll ll ll lll lll l l llll l lll l lll lllll ll llll llll ll ll lll lll l llllll ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll ll l lll llll l l ll l l lll l l ll llll l lll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll l ll l ll lll l ll l lll lll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l llll lll llllll llll l l ll l lll ll ll l lllllllll ll llll llll ll ll l l lll ll llll ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll l ll ll ll llll llll l lll l ll l ll lll l lll l llll l ll l ll llll ll l ll lllll l ll ll lll llll ll lll lllll ll lll l llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll l ll l l l lll l l l l ll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l ll lll l l ll l ll llll ll ll lll l ll llll l l l llll llll ll ll l l l ll l lll l llll llll ll ll ll l lll ll lll lll lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l l lll l llll llll llll l ll ll l lll ll llll llll lll ll lll l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll lll l l lll lll lll l lll ll ll l lll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll lllll lllll l l llll l l lll llll llll l llll l ll llll l lll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll l l l lll l lll ll ll ll l lll lll lll l ll l lll l ll l l ll llll ll ll lll ll lll ll lllll ll l lll l ll ll l lllll l lllll ll ll lll l lll ll llll l lll llll llll ll l llll l lll ll ll l l ll ll l ll ll l lllll l l lll ll l lll l ll lll ll l l l ll l lll l ll ll lll l llll ll l ll ll l lllll lll lll l lll ll lll l ll llll lll l llllll ll ll l l llll ll l lll ll ll l lll lll l lllll lll llll lll ll l lll lll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l lll ll lll llll l l ll lll lll lll llll lll l llll lll llll lll lll l l ll lllll l lll lllll l llll ll llllll l ll lll l ll l ll ll lll l l lllll lll ll llll ll llll ll lll ll ll llll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll l lll llll l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll l llll l lll lll l ll ll llll l l ll ll ll lll lll lll l llll l l lll ll llll ll ll lll l ll l l l ll l ll l lll ll l l lll l lll ll l ll lllll ll lll ll ll lll l l ll ll llll ll lll lll lll ll lll ll lll lll ll lllll l ll ll ll l llll lll ll lllll ll llll l lll ll lll l lll ll llll l ll llll l lll l ll lll l ll ll l llll ll ll l ll llll l lll l lll ll l ll ll llll l l ll ll llll l ll ll l lll lllll ll ll l lll lll ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll l l ll lll l lll l llll l ll llllllll l lllll l ll ll l l ll l l l lll lll ll ll lll ll l ll llll ll l l ll lll ll l ll l l ll ll lll lllll l lll l lll lll ll lll l lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll l llll ll ll l ll lll l ll lll llll ll l ll ll lll l llll l lll ll lll l l ll ll ll ll llll lllll lllll ll lll llllll ll ll ll ll llll lll ll lll lll ll lll lllll llll ll lll llll l lll llll ll ll llll llll ll lll lllll l ll l llll llll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l lllll l l l ll lll l l llll ll llllll lll ll l l lll lll l ll lll l lllll llll llll l l l ll ll ll lll lll llll l lllll llll l llll ll llll ll lllll lll ll l lll llll ll lll l llll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l l lll ll llll l ll l l ll ll l lllll ll llll l ll ll llllll ll lll ll l lll llll llll ll l l llll l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll llllllll ll ll llll lll lll l lll ll l lll lll l lll ll ll l ll l ll l lll llll l lll l l ll ll ll l ll l ll lll llllll l l ll l lll lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll llll llll lll l llll ll l l l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll llll l l ll llll ll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l llll llll lll l l lll l ll l ll l ll l ll l l ll ll lll l l l llll l ll lll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l llllll llll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll ll llll ll lll ll l ll llll lll l ll ll lll l llll ll ll lll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l lll llll ll llll ll lll lll ll l lll lll l l ll lll l l lll l ll ll ll lll l ll l llll ll ll l ll llll ll l lllll lll ll l llll l lll llll lll lll l llll ll ll lllll lll llll lll l l lllll ll ll ll l lll l ll l ll lll l l lll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll l llll lllll llll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll llllll l l lllll l l l ll lll l llll ll ll lll l ll llll llllll lll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lllll lll lll lll ll l ll ll l l ll lll l l lll llll lll lll ll lll ll ll l llll l l lll lll lll l lll ll lll lllll lll llll ll l ll lll ll l llll lll ll l ll llll ll llll l llll l l lll ll ll ll llllll ll llll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll llll l lllll l ll l lll ll llll ll lll ll lll lllll ll ll ll llll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll llll ll ll ll lll llll ll l llll llll ll l ll lll l ll lll l ll l llll ll l l ll l ll llll ll l l ll l llll lll l ll ll lllll ll l ll ll l ll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll lll l llll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll l ll llll l ll l lll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l llll ll lll ll lll ll l ll ll ll lll l llll llll llll ll llll lll lll l ll l ll l ll llll l ll ll ll l l llll l l ll llll ll l llllll ll ll l lll llllllll l l llll lllll llll lll lll l ll l lll lll lll lll l ll l l ll l lll ll llll ll llll l lll lll l ll ll l lll l ll l llll l ll ll l l l ll ll ll l lllllll ll l l llll llll ll l l lll l ll ll lllll ll lllll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l ll ll llll llllll ll lllll ll l l ll lll l ll llll ll l l ll ll ll lllll ll ll ll llll l ll lll ll lll l ll llll l lll l ll ll l l ll llll ll l ll lll ll l lll llll l l l l ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll lll l llll ll ll llll l llll lll l lll lll lll l l lllll lll ll l ll l lll lllll l ll ll ll ll lll lll l lll lll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll llllllll llll ll ll l ll llllllll l lll lll ll lll l l ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll lllll l lll ll l l llll ll lllll ll lll l llll lll llll lll l ll lll l llll l ll llll ll l ll ll llllll ll ll llll ll lll l lll ll l l lll lll l ll llll l ll ll l lll l ll llllllll ll llll ll ll lll llll llll ll llll l lll llll lll lll lll l ll lll llll lllll lll ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll llll lll l l lll lll l ll lll ll ll ll ll l lllll lll l ll ll lll ll l lllll ll lll l ll l lll llllll l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll llll l lll llll ll l llll llll lll lll ll lll llll l l ll l lll l ll ll lll l l llll ll llll ll l llll ll ll ll ll l l ll llllll ll l l lll lll l lll l ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l llll ll ll llll lll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll llll ll l ll l ll lllll l l l lllll lll ll l l lll ll l lll l ll l l lll ll lll ll ll llll lll lll lll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l lllll l l llllll ll lll llll l lll l ll ll ll lll lll lll llll ll ll lllll ll l ll ll lll l l ll llll l l lll lll ll lll ll lll ll lll l lll llll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll l lll lll ll lll l l ll lll l ll llll lll lll ll llll l lll ll lll l llll ll l lll ll ll l ll llll ll llllll l lll ll lllll l ll ll l ll l ll l lll ll llll lll l lll l llll ll llll ll ll l ll lll l l llll lllll lll lllll l lll lll l ll lllll l lll lll ll l lll ll llll ll ll llllll ll l lll l l ll ll l lll l lll l lllll l ll l lll ll l lll ll ll ll l lllll lll l ll l lllllll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l l lll lllll lll llll lll ll l l lll l l ll l ll l llll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll lll l lll lllll ll l ll ll lll lll l ll lll l lll ll lllll l llll lll l ll l lllll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lllll l l ll l lll l ll ll llll lll l l lll ll l og ( M s t a r ) l l l l l l l l l l l l lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Figure 2.
Stellar mass as a function of redshift for our star forming samplewith ALFALFA counterparts (shown in small black dots). The stellar masseach galaxy would have if its magnitude was equal to the limit SDSS mag-nitude is shown in gray dots ( M lim ). Back circles show the 95% of theM/L completeness level. Galaxies from GASS, COLDGASS and VIRGOare shown as well using the same symbols of Fig. 1 time as t dep = M gas / SFR. A previous study analyzing the differentdepletion times for M H2 and M HI was performed by Saintonge etal. (2011).For all the estimated variables in § Since the bulk of our sample comes from SDSS and ALFALFAcounterparts, we estimated a mass completeness limit to avoid bi-ases. The main idea is to estimate the limiting stellar mass that agalaxy could have if its magnitude corresponds to a m lim . We fol-low the approach by Pozzetti et al. (2010). First, we determine forall galaxies the minimum mass M min , above which galaxies arecomplete. To derive M min , we calculate the limiting stelar mass M lim , i of each galaxy, i.e., the mass it would have, at its spectro-scopic redshift, if its apparent magnitude were equal to the limitingmagnitude of the survey (for SDSS I lim =17.77, Strauss et al. 2002;Abazajian et al. 2009), given by:log (M lim , i ) = log ( M star , i ) + . ( I i − I lim ) (14)The result is a distribution of limiting stellar masses M lim , thatreflects the distribution of stellar M/L ratios at each redshift in oursample (gray dots in Fig. 2). After computing M lim for all galaxiesin our sample, we selected the faintest 20% in redshifts bins of ∆ z= 0.005. Then, for each bin we determine the mass below which lie95% of these faint objects, shown in black circles in Fig. 2. We then MNRAS , 1–19 (2019)
Maritza A. Lara-López M gas ( M star + M gas ) F r equen cy + log ( O H ) F r equen cy log ( Y eff ) F r equen cy −2.5 −2.0 −1.50100200300400500600 log ( M bar ) F r equen cy log ( M star M sun ) F r equen cy log ( SFE ) [yr - ] F r equen cy −11.5 −10.5 −9.5 −8.50100200300400500600700 log ( t dep ) [yr] F r equen cy log ( SSFR ) [yr - ] F r equen cy −11.5 −10.5 −9.5 −8.50200400600 log ( SFR ) [yr - ] F r equen cy −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.00200400600800 E ( B - V ) gas F r equen cy −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.00100200300400500600700 Figure 3.
Histograms of all our estimated variables for our final star forming sample. Light blue histograms with solid contours show our sample within thecompleteness limit, while light gray histograms show the sample outside the completeness limit. define M min as the upper envelope fit of the M lim distribution, asshown in the same figure. For the whole paper, we will use onlygalaxies above the mass completeness limit (blue shaded galaxiesin Fig. 2). Galaxies below the mass completeness limit are shownin gray in Figs. 4-9 and 11-12, and are not used for any fit. In total,6086 star forming galaxies lie within the completeness limit.In summary, we have 6086 star forming galaxies withSDSS/ALFALFA counterparts within the completeness limit, 102SDSS/GASS counterparts, 102 SDSS/COLD GASS counterparts,and 55 galaxies from the Virgo cluster. The distribution of themain properties for our final sample of SF galaxies, is shown inthe histograms of Fig. 3, where blue histograms show the galax-ies within the completeness limit, and grey histograms the galaxiesoutside the completeness limit. From those histograms, we noticethat for gas metallicities and gas fractions, the peak of the distri-bution is shifted considerable between galaxies within and outsidethe completeness limit. Since the completeness criteria is rejectingthe lowest mass galaxies at given redshift (see Fig. 2), the stellarmasses of the galaxies within the completeness limit are also shiftedtowards higher values. This also implies that galaxies outside thecompleteness limit will have lower stellar masses, and hence lowermetallicities, and higher gas fractions. In this section we present several scaling relations from the proper-ties derived in §
2. First, we examine the relationship between thetotal oxygen abundance (estimated from Eq. 8), and the gas fraction( µ -Z) relation, as shown in Fig. 4. This figure has been color codedas a function of the depletion time for all our sample. As a sanitycheck, we show Eq. 2 for an effective yield of 0.01 in solid line,0.007 & 0.014 as dashed lines, and 0.0047 & 0.021 as dot-dashedlines. Also, we show the prediction of the closed-box model withoxygen yield y = . − .
57 in log units) from Pilyugin et al. (2004) (red solid line). It is worth noting that ∼
98 % of our SFsample has higher yields than the closed-box model prediction.From Fig. 4, galaxies with low gas fraction show high gasmetallicities, and are forming stars at higher efficiencies, or lowerdepletion times. On the other hand, galaxies with high gas fractionsshow low gas metallicities and longer depletion times, meaningthey are inefficient at converting gas into stars. This suggests adownsizing effect in the sense that the less massive galaxies areslower in converting their mass into stars and in building up theirmetal content (e.g., Vale Asari et al. 2009). Furthermore, galaxiesfrom the Virgo cluster (shown in filled larger circles), are shiftedtowards lower gas fractions. As discussed by Hughes et al. (2013),the most likely scenario is that the gas from these galaxies wasremoved, decreasing the gas fractions. Interestingly, galaxies fromthe Virgo cluster align very well with the closed-box model (redsolid line in Fig. 4). It is important to bear in mind that the µ -Z relation and Oxygen yield scales will change depending on themetallicity calibration used, although the shape of this relationshipshould remain very similar.We explore as well scaling relations with the SFE as an indica-tor of the current efficiency in which galaxies are converting gas intostars. We find that the SFE shows a large scatter with the baryonicmass, as shown in Fig. 5 (left), although suggesting opposite trendswithin the scatter. Galaxies with M bar > ∼ , seem to show avery high dispersion, with a slight correlation with SFE, whereasgalaxies with M bar < ∼ show a slight anti-correlation betweenthe same variables. Furthermore, gas metallicity seems to separateone tendency from the other, as shown in the color gradient of thesame figure, though we highlight that the dispersion is very high inthe whole relation.Scaling relations involving the SFE with stellar mass or gasfraction do not suggest any bimodality, and scale with each otherwith a moderate dispersion for the M star − SFE relation, and a smallerdispersion for the µ − SFE relation, as shown in the center and right
MNRAS000
MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators ll lll lll ll ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll lll l l llll llll l ll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll llll lll lll l llll lll ll l lll llll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l l ll l l lllll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll llll lll llll lll llll ll lll lll ll lll ll l llll l ll ll ll llll ll llll l l l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll l ll l lll l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll lll lll lll ll llll l l ll l l ll ll ll l l l ll l lll lll ll ll lll l l lll llll l ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll l l lll lll ll llll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll lll llll ll l ll llll lll l lllll ll l l l llll ll lllll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l lll lll l lllll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l lll l llll l l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll l lllll ll l lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll l llll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll lll l ll l l l l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll l l ll l lll l lllll ll ll llll l ll ll lll l lllllll lll l l llll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll l lll llll ll lll l lll lll ll l ll l ll ll l l l lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll llll l ll l lll l lll l lll ll lll llll l l ll ll l lll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll ll lll l lllll l l ll l ll llll l ll ll lll ll ll l lllll l lll lll l llll llll l l lll l llll ll lll l ll lll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll l llll l l llll lll l ll l ll l ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll l ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l ll l ll l lll l ll ll lll l l lll ll ll lll llll l l llll lll ll ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll l llll lll l lll l ll ll l lll ll ll l llll lll lll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l l ll ll ll l llll ll llll l lllll lll lll lll l ll ll l l lll ll lll l ll l lll lll lll l lll lll lll l llll ll lll l ll ll l lll l llll l l ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l l ll l l ll l l llll ll llll l lll l ll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll lll llll l ll l l lll l ll l ll l lll l l llll llll l ll llll l l ll lll ll llll l l ll lll l lllll l lll l l ll l lll llll l llll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll lll l llll lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l l l llll ll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll lll l lll ll l l ll l llll llll ll l l lll ll ll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l l l lll l l lll l l l ll ll lll l l ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l llll l lll l ll llll l lll l llll lll ll lll lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll lll ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l llll ll ll l l lll l ll l lll lll lll ll l lll llll l ll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll l lll l l llll ll ll lllll ll llll l ll l lll ll lll l l l l lll ll ll lll l ll lll ll lll ll lllll l lll l l ll l ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll l l lll l llll lll l lll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll l l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l llll lllll l l ll l ll lll l lll l l lll lll lllll lllll ll lll l llllll l l ll l l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l llll lll l lll ll llll lll lll ll ll lll ll l ll llll l ll lll ll l lll l lll l lll l lll l lll lll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll l lll l ll l l ll l ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l l l l lll l lll ll l l ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll l lll l llll l l llll l llll ll lll ll ll lll l lll ll llll l lll ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l l lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll ll l lll llll ll ll ll l l lll ll lll ll ll l l l l lll l l ll ll lll llll lll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll lll lll ll l ll llll l l ll l ll l ll lll l l ll l l ll l lll l l l ll llll l l ll ll l lllll lllll ll lllll l lll ll llll l ll llll ll lll llll l l l ll l ll lll l lll l ll l l ll ll ll l ll l llll lll ll l l ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll lll l ll lll lll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll lll lllll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll llll llll l ll l l l ll lll ll ll llll lll l l lll llll ll ll llll lllll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l ll ll lll ll l l llll ll l ll l l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l l lll llll lll ll l ll llllll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l lll ll ll ll llll l ll lll l l lll ll l lllll l l l lll l ll ll ll ll lll l lll l ll l lllll ll l llll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll llll lll l l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll ll lll l ll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll lll l ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll lll l l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll ll lll ll ll ll llll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll l lll l l ll ll l lll ll lll lll l llll l l llll ll l l l ll ll ll l ll l l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll l l llll ll ll l l ll l l ll lll l llll l lll lll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l l llll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll lll llll l lll lll lll ll ll l l lll ll lllll ll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll l ll l lll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll lll l l lllll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll l l l llll llll lll ll l lll llll l lll l lll lll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll ll l l llll l l lll ll ll lll llll ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l lll l l l l ll l ll ll llll lll lllll l l ll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll lll l llll ll ll llll lll ll l ll l llll l ll ll llllll lll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll ll l lll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l l lllll ll ll llll l l lllll ll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l lll ll ll l l ll ll llll ll l lllllll ll l llll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll llll ll llll lll l l l lll l ll l l ll ll l ll l l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l lll ll l l llll llll ll ll l lll ll l llll l l ll ll lll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l l ll l l lll l l ll l ll ll l lll l ll lll lll l l ll lllll l ll lll l lll l ll lll lll l lll ll l ll llll lll l l lll lll l ll lllll lllll l lll llllll l lll l l l ll l lll ll ll lll l lll l ll lll ll llll ll lll l ll ll l ll l lllll l l ll l lll l llll llll lll l ll ll l ll ll l l l l llll llll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll lll lllll llll lll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll lll l ll lllll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll llll ll l l ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll lll lll l llll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll l lll ll llll lll l l l l lll ll lll l lll l l ll l ll l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll lll l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l llll lll l l lll ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll l l ll l ll lll l lll l lll ll ll l llll lll ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll lll lll lll ll ll l l l lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll llll lllll lll lll llllll l l lll l ll ll ll l l lllll l ll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l lll ll lll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l l l ll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll lll lll l ll lll l ll l llll lll lll l l lll lll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll lll l l ll lllll l ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lll lllll l lll ll lll l ll lll ll lll l lll l llll l ll ll ll lllll l l l lllll l llll l l l lll lll lll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll llll ll l llll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll ll l lll l l lll l llll lll l l lll l l ll l ll ll lll llll ll l ll l l ll ll ll ll l l l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll l ll lll lll l lll l lll lll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll ll ll llll llll ll lll llll ll lllll l l ll ll ll lll l llll ll ll ll l lll lllll l ll lll l ll lll l l l llll llll lll lll ll ll l lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll ll l l ll l l l l lll lll l ll l llll l llll l llll ll l lll lll l l lll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l lllll ll ll l l ll l ll l l ll l ll l llll lll l lll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll llllll l ll lll l llll ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l lll ll ll lll l l llll ll l l ll llll l ll ll llll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll l l llll M gas ( M star + M gas ) + l og ( O / H ) l ll lll l llll l l llll lll l lll ll ll ll lll l llll l ll l l ll lll l l lll l lllllll l l lll l l lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll l l llllllll lll l l lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll l llll ll ll l ll lll ll l l llll l ll ll ll l lll l l ll lll ll llll l lll l ll lll l ll l ll l lll ll l lll ll lll ll l l ll ll l l llll ll l ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l lll lll lll l ll llll lll ll lll l l l lll ll lll lll ll lll lll ll l llll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l l l ll l ll l lll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll lll l llllll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l llll l ll ll l ll llll l llll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l l ll l ll ll llll lll l lll ll lllll l ll l lll ll ll lll l l l llll l l l lll ll ll l lll ll ll lll l llll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lllll ll l ll lll ll lll ll l l ll llll l ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll l lllll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l l ll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l ll llll l l ll l lll l l lll ll lll ll lll ll l ll lll l ll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll lll llll ll l ll l l ll lll lll lll ll l l ll ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lllll l ll l ll l lll l lll l l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll l llll llll l llll l l llll ll ll llll ll lll l lllll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll ll lll l l lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll llll l lllllll l ll lll lll lll l llll ll llll ll lll ll llll l ll ll l llll ll ll ll l l lll ll ll l l ll llll l l lll l l ll llll l ll ll lll l l ll l ll ll lll ll llll l llll l ll lll l lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll lll l lll l l lllll llllll ll l lll ll ll l l lll ll lll lllll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll l l lll l l ll l l lll ll ll lll l l ll l lll ll l lll l l l ll ll llll l lll lll ll l lll lll l l ll l ll l l llll l l l l lll l ll ll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll l ll lllll ll l llll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll lll l ll ll ll llll l ll lll l llll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l l l lll l ll lll l l ll l ll ll ll l l ll l lll lll l lll lll lll ll l lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll l l l ll l lll ll l l l lllll l ll l ll ll l l llll lll lll l ll l ll lll llll ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll l ll lll lll lllll llll l l ll l lll l ll l llll ll llll ll l ll l l lll lll l lll lll lll l ll ll l lll lll llll lll ll lll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll llll l lll lll l ll lll l l ll ll ll l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll l l l ll lll lll l l llll l ll l l lll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll lll l llll llll ll ll ll l l llllllll l l llll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll llll lll ll ll llll ll l l lll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll llllll l l lll lll l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll l lll ll lll l l lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l l lll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l llll ll lll l lll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l ll l l l lll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll l lll l l l ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lll l llll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l ll l l ll ll lll l ll l ll lll l llll l ll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll lll l ll ll l l ll ll l l l lll lll l llllll llll ll llll lll ll l llllll lll l l l l ll lll llll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll llll ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll l ll llll ll llll lll ll l ll l llll ll lllll ll ll l l l l lll llll l ll lll l llll ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll l ll l lllll l ll lll ll lll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l l lllll ll l l ll lllllll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll llll l ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l l l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll ll ll lll l lllll ll l l lllllll llll ll lll ll l llll l ll l lll lll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll llllll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll ll lll lll ll l l ll ll lll llll lll l l ll l l llll l ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll l lll l llll ll ll l ll l l ll l lll l lll ll lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll llll ll llll ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l lll llllll lll l l l lll llll llll ll ll ll lll lll l l lll l llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l l ll ll llll l l lll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll l lll l lll l l lll ll lll l l llll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l l llll l ll l lll ll l lll l l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll llll lll l ll l l llll l lll l lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l llll l l lll lll llll l l ll l l ll l l llll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll llll l ll l ll ll lllll lll llll lllll lll l ll l lll ll l lll ll l lllll lll l ll ll ll llll l ll l llll l ll ll ll lll ll llllll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll llll l ll lllll l l l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll l llll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll llll l l l ll lll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l ll l l lllll ll ll l ll lll ll l lll llll lll l lll lll llll llll l ll lll l ll l l ll ll lll lllll l ll l lll llll l l ll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll ll l l l ll lll l ll l l lll l l l ll ll ll l lll l llll lll ll lll l l lll lll lll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll l l ll ll ll llll l ll l ll llll ll lll llll l l ll l l llll lll l l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll llll l l l lll ll ll llll lllll l l lll l l l l ll ll ll l llll ll l ll llll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll llllll l ll l ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll llll lllll ll lll l lll lll ll lll llll ll l l lll l l llll ll ll lll lllll l lll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll lll lll l llll l ll ll l ll ll llll lll lll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l llll lll l llll ll ll lll l l l lll ll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l llll ll l l ll ll lll l lllll llll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll llll l l l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll ll l lllll ll lll l l l llll ll llll llll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l llll lll lll l lll l llll l llllll lll ll lllll ll l l ll l lll llll l lll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l l l ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l lll l lll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll l llll lll ll lll l l l ll l lll l lll l ll l l ll l ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll l lllll ll l l ll ll llll ll llll l l l ll ll l llll lll l ll ll lll l lll l l l ll l ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l lll lll lll ll l lll l ll lll ll llll l lll ll lll l l ll l ll lll lll ll l ll l ll lllll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l llll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll lll ll l llll l ll lll l l ll llll lll ll l l lll ll llll ll lll l ll l lll lll l llll l lll ll llllll l l ll l ll ll l ll l lll lll lll lll ll lll ll ll l l ll lll ll l lll llll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll l lll llll ll ll ll lll lll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll llll l ll l llll l llll lll lll l lll lll l ll ll llll lll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll llll ll ll llll ll ll l l lll l ll l ll ll llll ll l ll l l ll llll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l lll ll ll lll ll lll l l l lll ll l ll ll l l l lllllll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l l ll l lll l l lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll l l lll lll ll ll ll l l llll ll ll llll lll lll ll l lll lll l l lll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll l lll ll l l ll ll l l ll ll l lll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll l lll lll ll l l llll lll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll l l l llll llll l l llll l l lll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l l lll ll l l llll l lll ll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll llll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll ll lll l l l l llll l ll l ll lll l ll l ll l l ll lll lll ll l lllll ll ll lll l lll lll l llll lll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll lll l lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll l l lll l l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll l l ll lll lll ll lll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll l l ll ll l lll ll lll ll l l l lll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll lll l llll ll l l ll ll ll l ll llll l ll lllll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll llll l log ( t dep ) [yr] l llll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll l ll lll ll lll llll ll l l l lll lllll lll ll lll llll llll ll ll ll llll l l ll lll llllll l l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll lll lll l lll l l ll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll lll lll l lll l l ll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll l l ll Figure 4.
Gas fraction and metallicity relation ( µ -Z) as a function of depletion time for all galaxies in our sample. SDSS/AFALFA and SDSS/GASS are shownin dots, SDSS/COLD GASS in filled squares, and Virgo galaxies in large filled circles. Galaxies outside our completeness limit are shown in gray dots. UsingEq. 2, we are showing an effective yield of 0.01 in solid line, 0.014 & 0.007 in dashed lines, and 0.0047 & 0.021 as dot-dashed lines. The red solid line is theprediction of the closed-box model with oxygen yield y = . l ll l ll ll ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll l l lllll l ll ll ll lll ll llll ll llll ll lll lll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l l ll ll lll lll ll lll l l ll lll lll lll ll ll l l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll lll l llll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll lll l l ll ll llll ll lll ll l ll l ll ll l ll l lll l ll ll llll l lll l l ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll l l ll l ll lll l ll lll ll llll ll l lll l lllll ll l lll ll ll l llll l l lll lll l ll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l llll lll lllll ll llllll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll llll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll lll l ll llll ll l lll l llll l l llllll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll lllll ll l l ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll llllll ll llll l ll l ll lll lll l l lllll lll lll ll ll llll llll lll lll l l l lll l lll ll l ll llll l l lll lll lll l ll ll l lll l ll ll l l lll l lll l l l lll llll ll ll lll l lll l lll lll ll l l ll ll l llll ll lll ll ll llllll ll l l ll l ll lllll lll lll ll lll lll l l lllll l lll ll lllll l lll ll ll lll llll l l llll llll lllll lll l lll lll llllll ll lll lll ll lll lllll ll ll ll l l lll lll l l lll l l l lll l l lll l ll ll lll llll l lll ll ll l l ll l ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l llll ll l ll l llll l ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll lll llll l ll l ll l ll l ll lll lll l l ll l l lll ll lllll l ll l lll l ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll l l ll l ll l ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll ll l ll ll l lll l l lll llll ll ll l ll l lll lll l ll ll lll ll lll l l l lll lll l ll ll l lllll ll ll ll l ll llll l llll ll ll ll l llll lll l ll l ll l l l l ll llll l ll l ll l l llll ll lll llll ll ll ll l lll lll ll llll lllllll ll ll lllll ll ll l l lll llll lll lll l lll lll lll ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lllll lll lll l ll l l ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lll lll lll l l l llllll lll l llll ll l l ll lll lll l ll l ll l ll ll lll lll lll l l ll llll l l lll ll ll lll ll lllll l ll ll l lll l l lll l ll ll lllll l l ll ll lll l ll l ll lll ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll l l ll l l l ll lll l lll llllll l ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll lll l l llll ll l lll lll ll lllllll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll lll lll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll l l l llll l l l llll ll ll ll l l lll ll l llll ll ll l lll ll ll l llllll lll ll lll l llll ll lll l l lll ll lll lllll l llll l lll l llll l lll ll ll llll lll l llll llll ll l ll ll llllll l ll ll l l lll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l l l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll l ll lll l lll l lllll lll l ll lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll l ll llll l l lll ll llll l llll l ll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll l l lllll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll llll l ll llll l lll l l ll lllllll l lll ll ll ll l l ll lll l ll llll ll ll l ll l ll l lll lllllll l lll l ll ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll ll lll l ll l llll l l l lll l lllll l ll l l ll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l l ll ll lll lll l lll ll ll ll l l lll llll l lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll l ll l l l lll lll ll lll ll lll llll llll ll ll l ll ll l l l llll lllllllll lll ll l lll l ll l lllll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll ll lll lll l ll l llll ll ll ll l ll lll ll l lll ll l lllll ll lll lll l llll l llll l lll l llll ll ll lll l l lll l ll l lllll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll l l l lll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll ll l l llll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll l l ll ll lllll ll l ll l ll ll lllll lll ll llll l l ll llll l lll ll ll ll l l lll l llll lll lll ll ll ll ll llll ll lll lll ll l lll llll l lll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll lll l ll l ll ll lllll ll ll lll l l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll lll lllll lll l l ll ll ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll lllll l ll ll lll l lll l lll ll lll l ll lll lllll ll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll l llll ll llll l ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll lllll l lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll lll llll llll ll lll l ll llll lll lll ll lllll l llll ll lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l ll lll lll ll l llll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lllll l ll l llll l ll lll ll l llll l ll lll lll l ll l lllll l l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll llll ll ll l l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll llll ll l llll l l ll l lll ll l ll lll lll ll l llll lll lll l llll l lll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l l l ll l lll l lll l lllll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll lll lll llll l l lll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l lll llll llll llll l ll ll lllll ll ll ll ll l lll lllll l ll lll ll lll lll l ll lll lll l ll lll lll ll lll ll ll ll llll lll l l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l lll ll llll l l lll ll ll ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll ll l lll llll lll lll l lll l ll ll l l llllll ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll l llll l lll ll llll l ll lllll l ll ll llll llll l llll l l l ll l ll l lll lll l lll l ll l llll llll l l llll lll llll llll ll l l ll llll lll lll ll lll l ll l llll lll lll ll ll ll l llll llll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll l l lll l ll llll ll l ll l ll lll l l lll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l lllll lllll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll l l lll l ll ll lll ll lll l ll lll l ll l l ll l lll lllll l ll l l lllll lll llll lll ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll l llll ll l ll lll l l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l llll ll l ll lll l llll l lll lll ll ll ll ll lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll lll llll lll ll ll lll ll l llll l ll llllll ll ll lll lll l ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll ll llll ll ll ll l ll l l llll ll ll ll lll ll llll ll l lll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll l ll llll l l ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll l lll l ll l l llll lll l ll ll l ll lll llll ll ll ll l llll llll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll l lll l ll lll lll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll lll lll ll ll l l lll l ll lll l llll l l llll lll lll l lll ll lllll lll lll lll llll llll ll l lll l llllll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l l ll l ll ll llll l llll ll lll ll llll lllll l ll ll l l lll l l ll l ll l ll lll ll l lll l ll lll llll ll llll l lll l llll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll llllll l lll l lll l lll l l lll lll ll lll llll l lll lll ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l lll l lll lllll lll ll l l ll llll lll ll ll ll ll l lll lllll lll lll l ll lll llll l ll l llll l lll ll l l lll ll l ll ll lll lll l lll ll ll l l lll ll ll lll ll l llll l l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll ll l ll lll ll llll llll lllll l lllll lll lll l llll ll ll l l l lllll l l ll l llll l lll l lll ll ll llll lll lll llll lll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll ll llll l ll l ll lll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l lllllll l l ll llll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll l llll lll l llll l lllll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l lll lll l lll ll l ll lll lllll l l ll ll l l l ll l l lll ll llll ll ll l lll ll llllll l ll l lll lll lllll l l l ll l lll ll l lll ll ll llll l ll l lll l l ll lll ll l l lll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l llll l lllllll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l llll l llll ll l ll l lllll l lllll l ll lll l l l ll lll llll l llll ll ll lll l lll ll l llll lll lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l l llll lll llll l l l ll ll ll lll l lll l lll llll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l lll lllll l l llll l lll l l ll llll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l ll lll l lll ll l lllll llll ll lll l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l lll l ll lll lll lllll llll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll l ll l l lllllll lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll l ll l l lll l lll l ll l l ll lll l lll l ll ll l l lll lll ll lll lll l ll ll llll ll l llll ll l lll l lll lll l l ll llll lllll ll l l lll ll ll llll l l llll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll l lll l lll l ll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll l llll l ll lll l lll ll lll lll l lll l llll ll l lll lll l ll l llll lll llll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll lll l lll l ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l lll l lll l ll ll ll l ll l ll l l lll l l ll ll l lll ll lll llll ll l l l lll l lll l ll ll l ll ll llll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll l lll lll l l l ll l l ll l ll l l l l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l lll lll ll l llll l ll l ll ll l l ll llll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll lll lll ll llllll ll l ll l l lll lllll l llll l ll l lll l ll l ll llll ll lll lll ll lll lllll l lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l llll ll lll l lll llll lll ll l llll ll ll lll ll l ll llll l ll l ll lll llll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l ll lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll lllll ll lll ll l l lll ll l lll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll l l ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll l l llll l l lll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll ll l lll llll l ll llll lll l ll llll ll l l ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l llll l lll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l l ll lll l l llll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll llll l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll llll l ll lll ll ll llll ll l lllll l ll lll l ll lll ll ll l llll ll lll ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l lll ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l l llll l lll llll lll ll ll ll ll l l lllll l lll l lllll ll l llll ll ll lll l ll llll lll ll l lll lll l ll lll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll lll lll ll lll l ll ll l llll ll ll llll ll l ll l l lllll lll ll l ll l l ll lll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l l llll l lll l ll l l l lll l l l l ll llll ll ll ll lll l l ll ll lll l lll llll ll l llll l l ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll lll l lllllll lll ll l l llll lll l l lll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll lll l llll l l llll ll l l lll llll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l l llll l ll l l ll ll lll llll lll l lll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lllll ll ll llll l llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l l ll lll l llll ll ll lll l l lll llll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll l l lll lll l l ll ll ll llll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll lll lll l lll lll ll lllll l llll lll ll lll l lllll lllll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll llll l ll ll ll l llll l ll ll lll l ll l l l lll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll l llll l ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll ll l ll lll l ll ll llll l ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll l ll l ll llll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lllll l l lll ll ll ll l ll l l l ll llll lll lll ll ll llll ll lll lll l llll l l ll l lll l l lllll llll ll lll l ll lll l l l llllll l ll lll l l llll ll ll ll lll llll l lll ll l lll l ll lllll lllll llll l lll ll ll ll l lll l ll lll lllll ll l ll lll ll ll l ll lll l lllll ll l l lll ll l ll lll llll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lll lll ll lll llll lll ll lll llll llll l ll l ll l l ll l ll lll lll llll l ll l lll l l lll l ll ll lll l lllll l llll llll ll lll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll llll ll ll lllll ll l l lll l ll l ll lll ll ll llllll ll l ll l lll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll l lll ll lll l ll ll l l llll ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l lll l l ll ll llll ll ll ll llll l l ll ll ll lll l lll llll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l l lllll ll lll ll ll l ll l lll lll lllll ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll lll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll llll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l llll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll l l lll l l ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll ll l l llll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll llll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll llll llll ll ll llll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll ll ll lll lll ll lll llll llll l ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll llll l l l ll ll lll ll lllll lll ll lllll l lll ll l l ll ll lll ll llll l ll l lll lll lll ll lll ll l llll ll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll l l ll ll ll l l ll ll lll llll ll lll lll ll l lll llll ll l lll lll l lll l lll l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll lll l lll ll ll ll l llllll lll llll l ll ll lll l l ll lll lll l ll lll l ll l ll ll lll l lllll lll ll lll lll ll lll ll ll llll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll llll ll llll ll ll lll l l l l ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll llll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll l l ll lllll llllll l l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l lll ll ll llll ll lll l ll l l lll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll lll lll lll ll l lll l l l llll l l l lll ll lll llll l lll llll l lll lll l ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll l lll lll ll ll ll l l l ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll lllll llll l ll ll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l ll lllll l ll lll ll ll l l ll l llll ll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll l lllll ll llll l l ll l ll ll lll ll llll ll ll lll l llll llll ll l llll ll lll lll lll lll ll lll l l ll l l lll ll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l l llllll l llll l l lll lll l lll ll lll ll lllll l lllll llll llll llll l l ll ll ll ll l llllll llll lll ll l ll lll llll l l lll l llll lllll l llll lll ll l ll llll l ll ll llll ll l lll llll ll lll l ll lllll ll l ll llllll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l lllll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll lll lll l lll l ll l lll l l ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l lll ll l l ll lll l l l ll ll ll ll l llll l ll lll l ll lll lll ll ll l ll llll l lll llll ll lllll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll ll ll lll llll lll ll l l ll lll l l l l ll ll lll lllll ll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l ll lll lll lllll ll l lll ll lll lll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll lll lll llll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lllll lll l l ll lll llll ll l l lll ll lll lllll ll ll lll llll l ll l lll l l lll l l ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll l ll ll llll ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l ll llll ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll l l ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll l llll ll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll llll lll ll l ll ll l lllll lll l lll l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll lll ll l lll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l l l ll ll ll lll lll l ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll llll lll ll l l ll ll l llll llll l l l ll ll l l lllll l lll ll lll lll l ll ll l ll l llll ll ll l lllll ll llll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll llll ll l lll lll l ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll l lll lll ll l l l ll lll lll l lll l ll ll l lll lll ll l ll ll llll l ll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll llllll ll llll lll ll ll llll l ll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll l l ll lll lll l l lll llll lllll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll lll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll llll l ll lllll ll llll l llllll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll lllll l llll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll ll l llll lll lll l llll l l ll ll lll lll l lllll llll l l lll lll l ll llll l lll l lllll l llll ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll llll llll ll llll lll ll lll lll lll ll ll lll ll llll lll l llll llll ll ll l ll llll l l lll ll l lll llll l ll l l lll ll l llll ll llll ll ll lll ll llll ll l ll l ll l ll lllll l ll ll lll lll l ll l l ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll lll ll l l llll lll lll lll lll llll l l ll l ll lll l l ll ll l ll l llll l l lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l llll l llll lll ll ll lll l ll l llll l l ll lll ll ll l l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll l l llll l ll ll ll llll l ll llll l ll ll l llll lllll ll l l ll l lll ll l l ll llll lll ll lll lllll lllll ll l ll l lll ll l llll l llll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll llll ll ll lll ll l llll lll lll l ll l lllll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll l l ll l l llll ll l ll l lll l l lll l ll ll llll ll llll l l l lllll ll ll ll lllll l lllll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll l lll ll l llll l lll l lll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll l l l ll lllll l llllll ll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll ll l lll lll l l ll lll ll l ll ll llll lll lll l llll ll ll l ll ll ll llll llll ll lllll l lll l lll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lllll ll ll llll llll l lll ll l ll l lll l ll l llll ll l lll ll llllll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll ll lll l −12−11−10−9−87.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 log ( M bar M sun ) l og ( S F E ) [ y r - ] l ll l ll ll ll llll lll ll lll ll ll llll llll l l lll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll lll l ll llll l ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l l l ll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll llll ll lll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll l ll lll ll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll llll l lll ll ll ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll l lll ll l lll l ll ll l ll llll ll llll l lllll ll lll l ll lll lll ll lll l lll l ll l lll l l l lll l l l l ll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll l l llll ll ll l ll ll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll l ll l lll ll l lll l lll l ll ll lll l l llll l lll l ll l ll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll l l llll l ll ll l llll ll lll lll ll lllll l l lll lll lll ll lll ll ll l lll ll ll llll l ll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll l l lll lll lll l ll ll l llll ll ll l ll lll l lll l ll lll lll lll ll lll l lll lll l lll ll l l l llll l llll lll l l ll ll l lll ll ll l l lll ll ll l l l lll lll ll lll lll l l ll lll l lll lll llll l ll l ll ll lll llll l l ll ll llll l ll lllll l lll lll llll llll llll ll ll l ll llll lll l lll l llll lll l l lll lll lll l l lll l ll ll l ll l lll llll ll ll l llll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll lll ll l ll llll l ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll l ll l ll lll lll l lll l l lll ll lll ll l ll l lll l ll ll l llllll ll ll ll l llll l llll ll ll l lll lll l ll lll lll ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll lll ll ll llll l l lll ll ll ll ll l ll lllllll l lll l l ll ll lll l ll ll l ll llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll lllll l l llll l l ll ll l lllllll l ll l ll ll l lll ll ll l ll l l ll l llll lll ll llll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lllll ll lllll ll ll lll l l ll llll lll lll lll l lll ll lll ll l ll ll l llllll l lll l lll lll lll l ll l lll ll ll llll ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll lll lll l llll llll l l llll l l lll ll ll ll l ll llll lll ll l ll ll lll l llll llll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll l l lll llllll ll ll l lll l llll l ll ll lll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll ll l ll lll l l l ll llll ll llll ll ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll lll l lll llllll l ll l lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll lll l l ll ll ll l lll l ll l lll lll ll llll ll l lll llll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll lll lll ll ll lll ll l lllll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll l l l llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll lll l ll ll l l lll l l llll l llll ll ll l llll l l lll ll lll ll lll l llll l lll l llll llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll l ll ll l lllll l ll ll l l lll ll ll l l ll ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll l ll lllll l ll l l llll l ll l l ll ll llll l ll l ll llll l ll lll lll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll l lll ll lll lll ll l ll l ll llll l llll l ll lllll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l lll lll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l l lll l lll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll llllll l l lll l llll l ll ll lllll l l ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll l llll ll l ll ll ll l llll l ll l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l l ll l llll l ll lll ll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll l lll lllll llll lll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll llll ll lll l l l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll llll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l l llll l ll lll llll ll ll ll lllll ll l ll ll llll lll lll ll ll ll lll lll l ll l llll ll ll ll l ll lll l l llll ll l llll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll lllll l lll l ll ll llll lll l lll ll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll l llll ll l lll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l l llll lll lll lll lll ll lll l ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l l ll lll l ll lll l ll l lll ll llll ll lllll ll l ll l ll ll l llll lll ll llll l l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lllll l ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll ll llll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll lll llll ll ll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll llll l llll l lll lll ll ll lll ll ll l lll l llll l ll l l ll ll ll ll lll lll l lll ll lll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll l lll ll lll ll lll ll llll ll llll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll llll ll l l l ll l lll lll lll l l ll l l lll ll ll l l ll l ll ll lll lll lll l l l lll ll l l ll llll ll ll llll l lll llll ll l l ll ll l l l lll lllll l ll lll l lll l ll ll ll ll l l l lll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll lll lll l ll ll ll l ll l lll l llll ll ll llll l l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll l llll l ll ll l lll l ll ll lllll l ll l l ll llll ll ll ll l l lllllllll lll l ll llll lll ll ll ll l lll lll ll lll l ll l ll l lll ll lll lll ll l llll lll lll l lll l l lll lll l ll ll ll lll l ll l l l ll l lll l llll ll ll l ll llll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll llll l lll ll ll lll ll ll ll llll ll llll llll llll llll l ll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll llll ll ll lll lll l ll lll lll l l ll ll lll ll l lll l llll llll ll l ll lll ll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll ll l lll llllll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll l l ll l lll llllll l l ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll l llll lll lll ll ll lll l llll ll l lll lll ll llll l ll l ll ll lll ll lll l ll ll l lll l l llll l ll llll l ll l l ll lll lll ll l lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll llll l l ll ll lll ll lll lll ll l ll l llll ll llll l l llll l ll ll l ll lll ll l l lll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l l lll lll ll ll l l l lll l l llll lll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lllll llll l ll ll l lll ll lll lllll l l lll lll ll lll ll lll l ll llll ll l l lll lll lllll l ll l l ll ll l lll llll lll lll ll lll l lll ll lll llll ll l l ll ll l l l ll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll l l lll lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll lll ll lll ll lll llll lll ll l ll ll ll lllll ll ll l ll ll lll llll ll l ll ll llll l l llll l l lllllll ll ll l ll lll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll l l llll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l lll ll l ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll ll lll lll ll llll lll ll l lll ll l lll ll l ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll ll l lll l ll l lll l lll l llll l lll lll lll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll llll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l l lll ll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll l llll l l l lll lll lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l lll lll llll llll ll l lll l llllll l l lll ll lll l l ll l l ll lll ll l ll l l lll l ll llll l llll ll lll l llll l l lll l lll l l ll lll ll lll ll l l ll lll l lll ll lll ll lll l lll l l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l llll llll l lll lllll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll ll l lllll l ll ll lllll l lll lll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll l l ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l l l lll ll lll ll llll lll lll llll l l ll ll ll llll ll l lll l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll ll l ll l l ll lll ll ll l ll lll ll l lll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll l ll lll l ll lll llll lllll l llll l lll lll l ll lll lll ll l lll ll l l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l l ll llll ll lll l lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l lllll ll ll lll l l ll l ll lll l llllll llll l l ll ll lll llll l l l ll lll l ll ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll l lll l llll l l llll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l lll lll l lll ll lll lll llllll l ll ll l l lll l l lll ll llll ll ll l l ll ll lll lll l ll l lll lll lllll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll lll l l ll llll l l lll ll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll llll lll lll l lllllll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll lll ll l llll ll ll llll ll lll ll llll lll ll ll ll llll ll l llll l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll lllll l ll ll ll llll ll l lll lll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll l lll l l lll ll ll llll lll l ll l lll lll l ll ll lll lll ll l llll ll llll ll l ll ll ll l llll lll ll l llll lll llll lll lll l lll ll ll ll l lll llll l lll ll llll llllll lll l lll llll l ll ll ll lll ll l l ll l ll l ll l ll lll lll l ll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l ll ll ll llll llll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l lll llll ll l ll lllll ll ll l l ll ll llll l lll l ll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll l l lll llll lll l lllll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll l log ( M star M sun ) l og ( S F E ) [ y r - ] ll ll l lll l ll ll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll lll lll ll lll lll l ll l l llll ll l llll ll llll l lll l ll l l ll llll ll lll lll l lll ll ll ll ll l l lll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l llll lll l lll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l llll l ll lll l lllll lll l ll l l ll l llll ll l lll lll l ll l lllllll l ll l ll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll llll lll l ll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll l ll l l lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll l l l llll lll lll ll ll l ll llll ll lll ll l lll l l ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll ll l l l ll ll l ll lll l ll l lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l l lll ll l ll lllll l ll l ll ll lll lllll l llll l ll llll lll l ll llll ll lll lll ll lll lll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l lll lll ll l l lll lll llll ll l llll ll ll lll ll l ll lllll ll l ll ll l ll llll llll ll l ll ll l lll lll lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll l l lll lll lll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll l llll lll l l ll l l lll l lll lll ll lllll l llll l l lll l ll ll llll ll ll ll l ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l lll lll llll llll lllll ll llll lll lll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l ll lll l ll lllll l lll l lll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll llll l l ll lll l l lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll llll lllllll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll lllll ll lll ll ll llll ll l lllll lll lll l ll lll ll ll l llll ll lll llll l ll l ll ll ll l lll l lll ll ll l lllll l ll l l ll ll l ll l ll l llll l ll ll ll l l ll lll lll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll l l ll l lll ll ll l llll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll llll ll l ll l l ll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll lll lllll lll l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll l l ll lll l ll ll l ll l l ll lll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l llll l lll l ll l l l ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l l ll ll lll l lll llll ll l llll l lll l ll ll lll llll ll l l ll lll l lllll ll ll l llll llll lll l l l ll ll llll ll llll ll lllll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll lll l llll l l llllll l l lll llll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l l llll llll l ll llll l llll lll l lll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll llll lll l ll lll lll l ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll lll ll ll llll l llll llll l l ll l lll lll ll l lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll l l l ll llllll ll l ll l ll l ll lll l l lll lll l l ll llll l ll lll lll lll lllll l ll lll lll l ll l lll ll lll ll l llll lll ll lll l lll ll lll ll ll l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll ll l llll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l llll l ll ll lll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l llll ll l l llll lll ll l lll l ll lll ll ll l lllll lll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll 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ll lll ll lll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll llll ll ll llll l l ll l l l ll ll llll l ll l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll l llll l l ll lll ll ll l ll lllll lll l ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l l ll ll l l l ll lll lll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l l ll ll l ll lll l lll lll ll llll l ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll llll llll ll ll l lll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll ll ll ll l lll ll lll llll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll llll ll l ll ll lll ll lllll lll ll ll lll l lll lll l ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll lll l lllll lll l lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l ll l l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l llll ll lll lllll l lll llll ll l lll lll l lll l ll l l ll ll l lll l ll ll l l lll l lll l l ll ll l llll ll ll l llll l ll ll lll l lll l ll lll l ll l ll lll l ll lllll l lllll lll l l lll lll ll lll ll ll llll l ll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l llll l 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llll l l ll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll lll l l ll lll l ll l l lll l l l ll ll ll l lll l llll lll ll lll l l lll lll lll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll l l ll ll ll llll l ll l ll llll ll lll llll l l ll l l llll lll l l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll llll l l l lll ll ll llll lllll l l lll l l l l ll ll ll l llll ll l ll llll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll llllll l ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll llll lllll ll lll l lll lll ll lll llll ll l l lll l l llll ll ll lll lllll l lll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll lll lll l llll l ll ll l ll ll llll lll lll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l llll lll l llll ll ll lll l l l lll ll lll lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l llll ll l l ll ll lll l lllll llll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll llll l l l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll ll l lllll ll lll l l l llll ll llll llll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l llll lll lll l lll l llll l llllll lll ll lllll ll ll ll l lll llll l lll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l l l ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l lll l lll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll l llll lll ll lll l l l ll l lll l lll l ll l l ll l ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll l lllll ll l l ll ll llll ll llll l l l ll ll l llll lll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l lll lll lll ll l lll l ll lll ll llll l lll ll lll l l ll l ll lll lll ll l ll l ll lllll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l llll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll lll ll l llll l ll lll l l ll llll lll ll l l lll ll llll ll lll l ll l lll lll l llll l lll ll llllll l l ll l ll ll l ll l lll lll lll lll ll lll ll ll l l ll lll ll l lll llll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll l lll llll ll ll ll lll lll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll llll l ll l llll l llll lll lll l lll lll l ll ll llll lll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll llll ll ll llll ll ll l l lll l ll l ll ll llll ll l ll l l ll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll lll l lll ll ll lll ll lll l l l lll ll l ll ll l l l lllllll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l l ll llll l l lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll l l lll lll ll ll ll l l llll ll ll llll lll lll ll l lll lll l l lllll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll l lll ll l l ll ll l l llll l lll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll l lll lll ll l l llll lll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll l l l llll llll l l llll l l lll lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l l lll ll l l llll l lll ll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll llll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll ll lll l l l l llll l ll l ll lll l ll l ll l l ll lll lll ll l lllll ll ll lll l lll lll l llll lll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll lll l lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll l l lll l l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll l lll lll lll ll lll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll l l ll ll l lll ll lll ll l l l lll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll lll l llll ll l l ll ll ll l ll llll l ll lllll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll llll l + log ( O H ) l llll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll l ll l ll lllll lll llll ll l l l lll lllll lll ll lll llll llll ll ll ll llll l l ll lll lllllll l l lll ll lll ll llll lll lll lll lll llll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l lll ll lll ll llll lll lll lll lll llll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll −12−11−10−9−8 Figure 5.
Scaling relationships between the SFE with respect to Baryonic mass (left), stellar mass (center), and gas fraction (right). All figures are color codedas a function of the gas metallicity. Linear fits correspond only to galaxies within the completeness limit, and are given in equations 15 and 16, respectively.Symbols are the same as in Fig. 4. panels of Fig. 5, respectively. The obtained fits for the M star − SFEand µ − SFE relations are:log ( SFE ) = . (± . ) × log ( M star ) − . (± . ) (15)with RMSE = 0.47log ( SFE ) = − . (± . ) × µ − . (± . ) (16) with RMSE = 0.37Linear fits are performed in “R" with the package “HYPER-FIT" (Robotham & Obreschkow 2015), which uses traditional like-lihood methods to estimate a best-fitting model to multidimensionaldata, in the presence of parameter covariances, intrinsic scatter, andheteroscedastic errors on individual data points. It assumes that boththe intrinsic scatter and uncertainties on individual measurementsare Gaussian, and allows for error covariance between orthogonaldirections. Hereafter, all the linear fits of this paper are performed MNRAS , 1–19 (2019)
Maritza A. Lara-López [h!] l ll l ll ll ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll l l lllll l ll ll ll lll ll llll ll llll ll lll lll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l l ll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l l ll l ll lll lll ll lll l l ll lll lll lll ll ll l l lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll lll l llll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll lll l l ll ll llll ll lll ll l ll l ll ll l ll l lll l ll ll llll l lll l l ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll l l ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll ll l lll l lllll ll l lll ll ll l llll l l lll llll l ll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l llll lll lllll ll llllll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll llll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll lll l ll llll ll l lll l llll l l llllll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll lllll ll l l ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll lll ll llll l ll l ll lll llll l l lllll lll lll ll ll llll llll lll lll l l l lll l lll ll l ll llll l l lll lll lll l ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll lll l lll l l l lll llll ll ll lll l lll l lll lll lll l l ll ll l llll ll lll ll ll llllll ll l l ll l ll lllll lll lll ll lll lll l l lllll l lll ll lllll l lll ll ll lll llll l l llll llll lllll lll l lll lll llllll ll lll lll ll lll lllll ll ll ll l l lll lll l l lll l l l lll l l lll l ll ll lll llll l lll ll ll l l ll l ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l llll ll l ll l llll l ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll lll llll l ll l ll l ll l ll lll lll l l ll l l lll ll lllll l ll l lll l ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll l l ll l ll l ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll ll l ll ll l lll l l lll llll ll ll l ll l lll lll l ll ll lll ll lll l l l lll lll l ll ll l lllll ll ll ll l ll llll l llll ll ll ll l llll lll l ll l ll l l l l ll llll l ll l ll l l llll ll lll llll ll ll ll l lll lll ll llll lllllll ll ll lllll ll ll l l lll llll lll lll l lll lll lll ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lllll lll lll l ll l l ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lll lll lll l l l llllll lll l llll ll l l ll lll lll l ll l ll l ll ll llll ll l lll l l ll llll l l lll ll ll lll ll lllll l ll ll l lll l l lll l ll ll lllll l l ll ll lll l ll l ll lll ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll l l ll l l l ll lll l lll llllll l ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll lll l l llll ll l lll lll ll lllllll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll lll lll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll l l l llll l l l llll ll ll ll l l lll ll l llll ll ll l lll ll ll l lllll l lll ll lll l llll ll lll l l lll ll lll lllll l llll l lll l llll l lll ll ll llll lll l llll llll ll l ll ll llllll l ll ll l l lll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l l l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll l ll lll l lll l lllll lll l ll lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll l ll llll l l lll ll llll l llll l ll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll l l lllll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll llll l ll llll l lll l l ll lllllll l lll ll ll ll l l ll lll l ll llll ll ll l ll l ll l lll lllllll l lll l ll ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l lll l ll l llll l l l lll l lllll l ll l l ll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l l ll ll lll lll l lll ll ll ll l l lll llll l lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll l ll l l l lll lll ll lll ll lll llll llll ll ll l ll ll l l l llll llllll lll lll ll l lll l ll l lllll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll ll lll lll l ll l llll ll ll ll l ll lll ll l lll ll l lllll ll l ll lll l llll l llll l lll l llll ll ll lll l l lll l ll l lllll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l l lll ll l l l lll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll ll l l llll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll l l ll ll lllll ll l ll l ll ll lllll lll ll llll l l ll llll l lll ll ll ll l l lll l llll lll lll ll ll ll ll llll ll lll lll ll l lll llll l lll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll lll l ll l ll ll lllll ll ll lll l l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll lll lllll lll l l ll ll ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll lllll l ll ll lll l lll l lll ll lll l ll lll lllll ll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll l llll ll llll l ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll lll llll llll ll lll l ll llll lll lll ll lllll l llll ll lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l ll lll lll ll l llll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lllll l ll l llll l ll lll ll l llll l ll lll lll l ll l lllll l l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll llll ll ll l l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll llll ll l llll l l ll l lll ll l ll lll lll ll l llll lll lll l llll l lll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l l l ll l lll l lll l lllll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll lll lll llll l l lll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l lll llll llll llll l ll ll lllll ll ll ll ll l lll lllll l ll lll ll lll lll l ll lll lll l ll lll lll ll lll ll ll ll llll lll l l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l lll ll llll l l lll ll ll ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll ll l ll l llll lll lll l lll l ll ll l l llllll ll lll ll ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll l llll l lll ll llll l ll lllll l ll ll llll llll l llll l l l ll l ll l lll lll l lll l ll l llll llll l l llll lll llll llll ll l l ll llll lll lll ll lll l ll l llll lll lll ll ll ll l llll llll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll l l lll l ll llll ll l ll l ll lll l l lll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll ll ll l lllll lllll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll l l lll l ll ll lll ll lll l ll lll l ll l l ll l lll lllll l ll l l lllll lll llll lll ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll l llll ll l ll lll l l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll l llll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll lll llll lll ll ll lll ll l llll l ll llllll ll ll lll lll l ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll ll llll ll ll ll l ll l l llll ll ll ll lll ll llll ll l lll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll l ll llll l l ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll l lll l ll l l llll lll l ll ll l ll lll llll ll ll ll l llll llll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll l lll l ll lll lll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll lll lll ll ll l l lll l ll lll l llll l l llll lll lll l lll ll lllll lll lll lll llll llll ll l lll l l lllll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l l ll l ll ll llll l llll ll lll ll llll lllll l ll ll l l lll l l ll l ll l ll lll ll l lll l ll lll llll ll llll l lll l llll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll llllll l lll l lll l lll l l lll lll ll lll llll l lll lll ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l lll l lll lllll lll ll l l ll llll lll ll ll ll ll l lll lllll lll lll l ll lll llll l ll l llll l lll ll l l lll ll l ll ll lll lll l lll ll ll l l lll ll ll lll ll l llll l l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll ll l ll lll ll llll llll lll ll l lllll lll lll l llll ll ll l l l lllll l l ll l llll l lll l lll ll ll llll lll lll llll lll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll ll llll l ll l ll lll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l lllllll l l ll llll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll l llll lll l llll l lllll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l lll lll l lll ll l ll lll lllll l l ll ll l l l ll l l lll ll llll ll ll l lll ll llllll l ll l lll lll lllll l l l ll l lll ll l lll ll ll llll l ll l lll l l ll lll ll l l lll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l llll l lllllll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l llll l llll ll l ll l lllll l lllll l ll lll l l l ll lll llll l llll ll ll lll l lll ll l llll lll lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l l llll lll llll l l l ll ll ll lll l lll l lll llll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l lll lllll l l llll l lll l l ll llll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l ll lll l lll ll l lllll llll ll lll l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l lll l ll lll lll lllll llll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll l ll l l lllllll lll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll l ll l log ( M bar M sun ) E ( B - V ) ga s l lll l lll l ll l l ll lll l lll l ll ll l l lll lll ll lll lll l ll ll llll ll l llll ll l lll l lll lll l l ll llll lllll ll l l lll ll ll llll l l llll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lll l lll l lll l ll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll l llll l ll lll l lll ll lll lll l lll l llll ll l lll lll l ll l llll lll llll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll lll l lll l ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l lll l lll l ll ll ll l ll l ll l l lll l l ll ll l lll ll lll llll ll l l l lll lll l ll ll l ll ll llll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll l lll lll l l l ll l l ll l ll l l l l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l lll lll ll l llll l ll l ll ll l l ll llll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll lll lll ll llllll ll l ll l l lll lllll l llll l ll l lll l ll l ll llll ll lll lll l l lll lllll l lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l llll ll lll l lll llll lll ll l llll ll ll lll ll l ll llll l ll l ll lll llll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l ll lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll lllll ll lll ll l l lll ll l lll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll l l ll l lll l l ll ll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll l l llll l l lll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll ll l lll llll l ll llll lll l ll llll ll l l ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l llll l lll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l l ll lll l l llll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll llll l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll llll l ll lll ll ll llll ll l lllll l ll lll l ll lll ll ll l llll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l lll ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l l llll l lll llll lll ll ll ll ll l l lllll l lll l lllll ll l llll ll ll lll l ll llll lll ll l l ll lll l ll lll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll lll lll ll lll l ll ll l llll ll ll llll ll l ll l l lllll lll ll l ll l l ll lll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l l llll l lll l ll l l l lll l l l l ll llll ll ll ll lll l l ll ll lll l lll llll ll l llll l l ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll lll l lllllll lll ll l l llll lll l l lll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll lll l llll l l llll ll l l lll llll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l l llll l ll l l ll ll lll llll lll l lll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lllll ll ll llll l llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l l ll lll l llll ll ll lll l l lll llll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll l l lll lll l l ll ll ll llll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll lll lll l lll lll ll lllll l llll lll ll lll l lllll lllll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll llll l ll ll ll l llll l ll ll lll l ll l l l lll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll l llll l ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll ll l ll lll l ll ll llll l ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll l ll l ll llll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lllll l l lll ll ll ll l ll l l l ll llll lll lll ll ll llll ll lll lll l llll l l ll l lll l l lllll llll ll lll l ll lll l l l llllll l ll lll l l llll ll ll ll lll llll l lll ll l lll l ll lllll lllll llll l lll ll ll ll l lll l ll lll lllll ll l ll lll ll ll l ll lll l lllll ll l l lll ll l ll lll llll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lll lll ll lll llll lll ll lll llll llll l ll l ll l l ll l ll lll lll llll l ll l lll l l lll l ll ll lll l lllll l llll llll ll lll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll l llll ll ll lllll ll l l lll l ll l ll lll ll ll llllll ll l ll l lll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll l lll ll lll l ll ll l l llll ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l lll l l ll ll llll ll ll ll llll l l ll ll ll lll l lll llll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l l lllll ll lll ll ll l ll l lll lll lllll ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll lll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll llll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l llll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll l l lll l l ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll ll l l llll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll llll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll llll llll ll ll llll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll ll ll lll lll ll lll llll llll l ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll llll l l l ll ll lll ll lllll lll ll lllll l lll ll l l ll ll lll ll llll l ll l lll lll lll ll lll ll l llll ll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll l l ll ll ll l l ll ll lll llll ll lll lll ll l lll llll ll l lll lll l lll l lll l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll lll l lll ll ll ll l llllll lll llll l ll ll lll l l ll lll lll l ll lll l ll l ll ll lll l lllll lll ll lll lll ll lll ll ll llll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll llll ll llll ll ll lll l l l l ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll llll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll l l ll lllll llllll l l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l lll ll ll llll ll lll l ll l l lll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll lll lll lll ll l lll l l l llll l l l lll ll l ll llll l lll llll l lll lll l ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l l l ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll lllll llll l ll ll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l l ll l ll lllll l ll lll ll ll l l ll l llll ll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll l lllll ll llll l l ll l ll ll lll ll llll ll ll lll l llll ll ll ll l llll ll lll lll lll lll ll lll l l ll l l lll ll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l l lll lll l llll l l lll lll l lll ll lll ll lllll l lllll llll llll llll l l ll ll ll ll l llllll llll lll ll l ll lll llll l l lll l llll lllll l llll lll ll l ll llll l ll ll llll ll l lll llll ll lll l ll lllll ll l ll llllll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l lllll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll lll lll l lll l ll l lll l l ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l lll ll l l ll lll l l l ll ll ll ll l llll l ll lll l ll lll lll l l ll l ll lll l l lll llll ll lllll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll lll llll lll ll l l ll lll l l l l ll ll lll lllll ll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l ll lll lll lllll ll l lll ll lll lll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll lll lll llll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lllll lll l l ll lll llll ll l l lll ll lll lllll ll ll lll llll l ll l lll l l lll l l ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll l ll ll llll ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l ll llll ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll l l ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll l llll ll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll llll lll ll l ll ll l lllll lll l lll l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll lll ll l lll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l l l ll ll ll lll lll l ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll llll lll ll l l ll ll l llll llll l l l ll ll l l lllll l lll ll lll lll l ll ll l ll l llll ll ll l lllll ll llll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll llll ll l lll lll l ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll l lll lll ll l l l ll lll lll l lll l ll ll l lll lll ll l ll ll llll l ll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll llllll ll llll lll ll ll llll l ll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll l l ll lll lll l l lll llll lllll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll lll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll lllll ll llll l llllll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll lllll l llll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll ll l llll lll lll l llll l l ll ll lll lll l lllll llll l l lll lll l ll llll l lll l lllll l llll ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll llll llll ll llll lll ll lll lll lll ll ll lll ll llll lll l llll llll ll ll l ll llll l l lll ll l lll llll l ll l l lll ll l llll ll llll ll ll lll ll llll ll l ll l ll l ll lllll l ll ll lll lll l ll l l ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll lll ll l l llll lll lll lll lll llll l l ll l ll lll l l ll ll l ll l llll l l lll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l llll l llll lll ll ll lll l ll l llll l l ll lll ll ll l l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll l l llll l ll ll ll llll l ll llll l ll ll l llll lllll ll l l ll lll ll l l ll llll lll ll lll lllll lllll ll l ll l lll ll l llll l llll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll llll ll ll lll ll l llll lll lll l ll l lllll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll l l ll l l llll ll l ll l lll l l lll l ll ll llll ll llll l l l lllll ll ll ll lllll l lllll lll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll l lll ll l llll l lll l lll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll l l l ll lllll l llllll ll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll ll l lll lll l l ll lll ll l ll ll llll lll lll l llll ll ll l ll ll ll llll llll ll lllll l lll l lll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lllll ll ll llll llll l lll M gas ( M star + M gas ) l lll llll l ll l lll l ll ll l lll l llll lll ll l lll lll l l ll l ll l ll l ll l llll ll lll lll ll ll ll l llll l l ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll lll l l llll llll l ll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll llll lll lll l llll lll ll l lll llll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l l ll l l lllll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll llll lll llll lll llll l ll lll lll ll lll ll l llll l ll ll ll llll ll llll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll l ll l lll l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll lll lll lll ll llll l l ll l l ll ll ll l l l ll l lll lll ll ll lll l l lll llll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll l l lll lll ll llll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll lll llll ll l ll llll lll l lllll ll l l lllll ll lllll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l lll lll l lllll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l lll l llll l l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll l lllll ll l lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll l llll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll lll l ll l l l l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll l l ll l lll l lllll ll ll llll l llll lll l lllllll lll l l llll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll l lll llll ll lll l lll lll ll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll l ll lll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll llll l ll l lll l lll l llll lll l llll l l ll ll l lll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll ll lll l lllll l l ll l ll llll l ll ll lll ll ll l lllll l lll lll l llll llll l l lll l llll ll lll l ll lll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll l llll l l llll lll l lll ll l ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll l ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l ll l ll l lll l ll ll lll l l lll ll ll lll llll l l llll lll ll ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll l llll lll l lll l ll lll lll ll ll l llll lll lll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l l ll ll ll l llll ll llll l lllll lll lll lll l ll ll l llllll lll l ll l lll lll lll l lll lll lll l llll ll lll l ll ll llll l llll l l ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l l ll l l ll l l llll ll llll l lll l ll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll lll llll l ll l l lll l ll l ll l lll l l llll llll l ll llll l l ll lll ll llll l l ll lll l lllll l lll l l ll l lll llll l llll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll lll l llll lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l l l llll ll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll lll l lll ll l l ll l llll llll ll l l lll llll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l l l lll l l lll l l l ll ll llll l ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l llll l lll l ll llll l lll l llll lll ll lll lll lll l ll llll l lll ll l ll lll ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l llll ll ll l l lll l ll l lll lll lll ll l lll llll l ll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll l lll l l llll ll ll lllll ll llll l ll l lll ll lll l l l l lll ll ll lll l ll lll ll lll ll lllll l lll l l ll l ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l llll lll l lll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll l l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l llll lllll l l ll l ll lll l lll l l lll lll lllll lllll ll lll l llllll l l ll l l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l llll lll l lll ll llll lll lll ll ll lll ll lll llll l ll lll ll l lll l lll llll l lll l lll lll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll l lll l ll l l ll l ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l l l l lll l lll ll l l ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll l lll l llll l l llll l llll ll lll ll ll lll l lll ll llll l lll ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l l lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll ll l lll llll ll ll ll l llll ll lll ll ll l l l l lll l l ll ll llll llll lll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll lll lll ll l ll llll l l ll l ll l ll lll l l l ll l l ll l lll l l l ll llll l ll ll ll l lllll lllll ll lllll l lll ll llll l ll llll ll lll llll l l l ll l ll llll llll l ll l l ll llll l ll l llll lll ll l l ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll lll l lllll lll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll lll lllll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll llll llll l ll l l l ll lll ll ll llll lll l l lll llll ll ll llll lllll lll lll ll lll l lll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l ll ll lll ll l l llll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l l lll llll lll ll l ll llllll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l lll ll ll ll llll l ll lll l l lll ll l lllll l l l lll l ll ll ll ll lll l lll l ll l lllll ll l llll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll llll lll l l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll ll lll l ll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll lll l ll lll ll llll l ll llll ll ll l l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll ll lll ll llll llll ll ll lll l ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll l lll l l ll ll l lll ll lll lll l llll l l l llll ll l l l ll ll ll l ll l l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll l l llll ll ll l l ll l l ll lll l llll l lll lll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l l llll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll lll llll l lll lll lll ll ll l l lll ll lllll ll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll l ll l lll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llllll l l lllll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll l l l llll llll lll ll l lll llll l lll l lll lll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll ll l l llll l l lll ll ll lll llll ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l lll l l l l ll l ll ll llll lll lllll l l ll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll lll l llll ll ll llll lll ll l ll l llll l ll ll llllll lll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll ll l lll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l l lllll ll ll llll l l lllll ll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l lll ll ll l l ll ll llll ll l lllllll ll l llll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll llll ll llll lll l l l lll l ll l l ll ll l ll l l lll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l lll ll l l llll llll ll ll l lll ll l llll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l l ll l l lll l lll l ll ll l lll l ll lll lll l l ll lllll l ll lll l lll l ll lll lll l lll ll l ll llll lll l l lll lll l ll lllll lllll l lll llllll l lll l l l ll l lll ll ll lll l lll l ll lll ll llll ll lll l ll ll l ll l lllll l l ll l lll l llll llll lll l ll ll l ll ll l l l l llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll lllll llll lll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll llll ll l lll lll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll llll l ll lllll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll llll ll l l ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll lll lll l llll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l ll l ll lll l lll ll llll lll l l l l lll ll lll l lll l l ll l ll l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll lll l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l llll lll l l lll ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll l l ll l ll lll l lll l lll ll ll l llll lll ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll lll lll lll ll ll l l l lll ll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll llll lllll lll lll llllll l l ll ll l ll ll ll l l lllll l ll llll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll lll l l lll ll lll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l l l ll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll lll lll l ll lll l ll l llll lll lll l l lll lll ll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll lll l l ll lllll l ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lll lllll l lll ll lll l ll lll ll lll l lll l llll l ll ll ll lllll l l l lllll l llll l l l lll lll lll l l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll llll ll l llll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l llllll ll ll ll l lll l l lll l llll lll l l lll l l ll l ll ll lll llll ll l ll l l ll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll l ll lll lll l lll l lll lll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll ll ll llll llll ll lll llll ll lllll l l ll ll ll lll l llll ll ll ll l lll lllll l ll lll l lllll l l l llll lll ll l lll lll ll ll l lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll ll l l ll l l l l lll lll l ll l llll l llll l llll ll l lll lll ll lll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l lllll ll ll l l ll l ll l l ll l ll l llll lll l lll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll llllll l ll lll l llll ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l lll ll ll lll l l llll ll l l ll llll l ll ll llll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll l l llll M gas ( M star + M gas ) l og ( SS F R ) [ y r - ] l ll lll l llll l l llll lll l lll ll ll ll lll l llll l ll l l ll lll l l lll l lllllll l l lll l l lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll l l llllllll lll l l lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll l llll ll ll l ll lll ll l l llll l ll ll ll l lll l l ll lll ll llll l lll l ll lll l ll l ll l lll ll l lll ll lll ll l l ll ll l l llll ll l ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l lll lll lll lll llll lll ll lll l l l lll ll lll lll ll lll lll ll l llll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l l l ll l ll l lll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll lll lllllll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l llll l ll ll l ll llll l llll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l l ll l ll ll llll lll l lll ll lllll l ll l lll ll ll lll l l l llll l l l lll ll ll l lll ll ll lll l llll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lllll ll l ll lll ll lll ll l l ll llll l ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll l lllll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l l ll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll lll ll ll l ll lll ll llll llll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l ll llll l l ll l lll l l lll ll lll ll lll ll l ll lll l ll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll lll llll ll l ll l l ll lll lll lll ll l l ll ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lllll l ll l ll l lll l lll l l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll l llll llll l llll l l llll ll ll llll ll lll l lllll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll ll lll l l lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll llll l lllllll l ll lll lll lll l llll ll llll ll lll ll llll l ll ll l llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l l ll llll l l lll l l ll llll l ll ll lll l l ll l ll ll lll ll llll l llll l ll lll l lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll lll l lll l l lllll llllll lll lll ll ll l l lll ll lll lllll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll l l lll l l ll l l lll ll ll lll l l ll l lll ll l lll l l l ll ll llll l lll lll ll l lll lll l l ll l ll l l llll l l l l lll l ll ll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll l ll lllll ll l llll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll lll l ll ll ll llll l ll lll l llll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l l l lll l ll lll l l ll l ll ll ll l l ll l lll lll l lll lll lll ll l lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll l l l ll l lll ll l l l lllll l ll l ll ll l l llll lll lll l ll l ll lll llll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll l ll lll lll lllll llll l l ll l lll l ll l llll ll llll ll l ll l l lll lll l lll lll lll l ll ll l lll lll llll lll ll lll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll llll l lll lll l ll lll l l ll ll ll l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll l l l ll lll lll l l llll l ll l l lll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll lll l llll llll ll ll ll l l llllllll l l llll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll llll lll ll ll llll ll l l lll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll llllll l l lll lll l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll l lll ll lll l l lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l l lll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l llll ll lll l lll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l ll l l l lll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll l lll l l l ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lll l llll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l ll l l ll ll lll l ll l ll lll l llll l ll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll lll l ll ll l l ll ll l l l lll lll l llllll llll ll llll lll ll l llllll lll l l l l ll lll llll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll llll ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll l ll llll ll llll lll ll l ll l llll ll lllll ll ll l l l l lll llll l ll lll l llll ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll l ll l lllll l ll lll ll lll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l l lllll ll l l ll lllllll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll llll l ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l l l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll ll ll lll l lllll ll l l lllllll llll ll lll ll l llll l ll l lll lll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll llllll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll ll lll lll ll l l ll ll lll llll lll l l ll l l llll l ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll l lll l llll ll ll l ll l l ll l lll l lll ll lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll llll ll llll ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l lll llllll lll l l l lll llll llll ll ll ll lll lll l l lll l llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l l ll ll llll l l lll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll l lll l lll l l lll ll lll l l llll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l l llll l lll lll ll l lll l l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll llll lll l ll l l llll l lll l lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l llll l l lll lll llll l l ll l l ll l l llll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll llll l ll l ll ll lllll lll llll lllll lll l ll l lll ll l lll ll l lllll lll l ll ll ll llll l ll l llll l ll ll ll lll ll llllll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll llll l ll lllll l l l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll l llll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll llll l l l ll lll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l ll l l lllll ll ll l ll lll ll l lll llll lll l lll lll llll llll l ll lll l ll l l ll ll lll lllll l ll l lll llll l l ll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll ll l l l ll lll l ll l l lll l l l ll ll ll l lll l llll lll ll lll l l lll lll lll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll l l ll ll ll llll l ll l ll llll ll lll llll l l ll l l llll lll l l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll llll l l l lll ll ll llll lllll l l lll l l l l ll ll ll l llll ll l ll llll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll llllll l ll l ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll llll lllll ll lll l lll lll ll lll llll ll l l lll l l llll ll ll lll lllll l lll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll lll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll lll lll l llll l ll ll l ll ll llll lll lll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l llll lll l llll ll ll lll l l l lll ll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l llll ll l l ll ll lll l lllll llll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll llll l l l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll ll l lllll ll lll l l l llll ll llll llll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l llll lll lll l lll l llll l llllll lll ll lllll ll l l ll l lll llll l lll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l l l ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l lll l lll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll l llll lll ll lll l l l ll l lll l lll l ll l l ll l ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll l lllll ll l l ll ll llll ll llll l l l ll ll l llll lll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l lll lll lll ll l lll l ll lll ll llll l lll ll lll l l ll l ll lll lll ll l ll l ll lllll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll l llll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll lll ll l llll l ll lll l l ll llll lll ll l l lll ll llll ll lll l ll l lll lll l llll l lll ll llllll l l ll l ll ll l ll l lll lll lll lll ll lll ll ll l l ll lll ll l lll llll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll l lll llll ll ll ll lll lll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll llll l ll l llll l llll lll lll l lll lll l ll ll llll lll lll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll llll ll ll llll ll ll l l lll l ll l ll ll llll ll l ll l l ll llll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll lll l lll ll ll lll ll lll l l l lll ll l ll ll l l l lllllll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l l ll l lll l l lll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll l l lll lll ll ll ll l l llll ll ll llll lll lll ll l lll lll l l lllll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll l lll ll l l ll ll l l llll l lll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll l lll lll ll l l llll lll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll l l l llll llll l l llll l l lll lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l l lll ll l l llll l lll ll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll llll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll ll lll l l l l llll l ll l ll lll l ll l ll l l ll lll lll ll l lllll ll ll lll l lll lll l llll lll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll lll l lllll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll l l lll l l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll l lll lll lll ll lll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll l l ll ll l lll ll lll ll l l l lll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll lll l llll ll l l ll ll ll l ll llll l ll lllll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll llll l + log ( O H ) l llll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll lll llll ll l l l lll lllll lll ll lll llll llll ll ll ll llll l l ll lll lllllll l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll lll lll l lll l l ll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll l l ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll lll lll lll lll l lll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll Figure 6.
Top: Baryonic mass vs. color excess E(B-V) as a function of gasfraction. Bottom: Gas fraction and SSFR as a function of gas metallicity.Linear fits correspond only to galaxies within the completeness limit, andare given in Eq. 17, and 18, respectively. . All symbols are similar as inprevious figures. using HYPERFIT, only to those galaxies within the completenesslimit, and taking into account errors in both axes. As a goodnessof fit, we estimate the root mean square error (RMSE, defined as (cid:113)(cid:205) ni = ( y i − ˆ y ) / n , where y i is the i th observation of y, and ˆ y thepredicted y value given the model).Furthermore, we examine the color excess E ( B − V ) gas as anindicator of extinction. We find a clear correlation of E ( B − V ) gas with M bar , given by Eq. 17 where massive galaxies show a higheramount of extinction for log(M bar ) > (cid:12) . We find however,that for galaxies with log(M bar ) < (cid:12) , the relationship tends toflatten, with a median value of E ( B − V ) gas = 0.15 (see Fig. 6, top).E ( B − V ) gas = . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) − . (± . ) (17)with RMSE = 0.22, for log(M bar ) > ( SSFR ) = . (± . ) × µ − . (± . ) (18)with RMSE = 0.37In general, galaxies with a high stellar mass tend to convert gasinto stars more efficiently, show lower gas fractions, higher metallic-ities, larger dust content, and a lower SFR per unit mass, consistentwith an active star formation history and an earlier assembly of theirstellar mass. However, when the baryonic mass is taken as a refer-ence, there is not a single tendency of M bar and SFE, and galaxieswith a high M bar , show a rather scattered SFE.On the other hand, galaxies with low stellar mass show exactlythe opposite, lower star formation efficiencies, high gas fractions,lower metallicities, a very low dust content, and a high SFR perunit mass. However, galaxies with a low M bar , show a scatteredanti-correlation with SFE.We notice a separation between low and massive galaxiesonly when the baryonic mass is used (Figs. 5, left, & 6, top). Whengas fractions or stellar masses are used as a reference, galaxies willscale uniformly with other properties.One of the most interesting relationships we found is betweenM bar and y eff , as shown in Fig. 7. Besides the large dispersionshown in this relationship, we can appreciate a bimodality, whengalaxies with log(M bar ) (cid:46)
10 M (cid:12) show a correlation, while largervalues of M bar show an anticorrelation. This bimodal behaviour isalso noticeable for galaxies from the Virgo cluster (large circles inFig. 7). Furthermore, the y eff seems to scale with SFE, as shown inthe color code of the same figure.This relationship was previously studied by Ekta & Chengalur(2010) for low metallicity galaxies. They analyzed a set of extremelymetal-deficient (XMD) galaxies, blue compact galaxies, and dwarfirregular galaxies, with metallicities (cid:54) eff increases with baryonic mass in their Fig. 4 (bottom), which isvalid from 7 < log(M bar ) < ( y eff ) Ekta = . × log ( M bar ) − . bar ) (cid:46)
10 M (cid:12) , there is a correlationbetween M bar and y eff . Furthermore, other authors have agreed thatfor low mass galaxies, y eff correlates with M bar (e.g., Garnett et al.2002; Tremonti et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2006).We note that De Rossi et al. (2017) reported a similar behaviourfor the M bar − y eff relation at z = y eff , which might be a consequence of a differentmetallicity calibration, as well as the larger aperture they used toestimate metallicities (30 kpc). Also, in that work, gas fractionswere estimated considering only star-forming gas particles inside30 kpc, while here, we consider the whole gas component within70 kpc. See Appendix B for more details about aperture effects onthe M bar − y eff relation in EAGLE simulations.From the oxygen yields histogram in Fig. 3 and Fig. 7, we findthat the highest values ( log(y eff ) > − ∼ MNRAS000
10 M (cid:12) , there is a correlationbetween M bar and y eff . Furthermore, other authors have agreed thatfor low mass galaxies, y eff correlates with M bar (e.g., Garnett et al.2002; Tremonti et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2006).We note that De Rossi et al. (2017) reported a similar behaviourfor the M bar − y eff relation at z = y eff , which might be a consequence of a differentmetallicity calibration, as well as the larger aperture they used toestimate metallicities (30 kpc). Also, in that work, gas fractionswere estimated considering only star-forming gas particles inside30 kpc, while here, we consider the whole gas component within70 kpc. See Appendix B for more details about aperture effects onthe M bar − y eff relation in EAGLE simulations.From the oxygen yields histogram in Fig. 3 and Fig. 7, we findthat the highest values ( log(y eff ) > − ∼ MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators [b] -3.0-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 log ( M bar M sun ) l og ( Y e ff ) -11.0 -10.5 -10.0 -9.5 -9.0 log ( SFE ) [yr − ] Figure 7.
Baryonic mass vs. Effective oxygen yields color coded withlog(SFE). The dashed line shows the relationship of Ekta & Chengalur(2010) for extremely metal-deficient galaxies (Eq. 19). All symbols aresimilar as in previous figures. by Vincenzo et al. (2016) that high values of effective yield may beindicative of an IMF favouring massive stars (see also Mollá et al.2015).In order to understand the suggested bimodality of the M bar − y eff relation in Fig. 7, we will now examine the stellar ages of ourgalaxies and perform a more detailed analysis of this relationshipwith more dimensions ( § § The stellar age in galaxies is key to understand the timescales inwhich galaxies have converted their gas into stars. We use theBayesian-likelihood estimates of the r-band light-weighted ages (t r )for the SDSS-DR7 estimated by Gallazzi et al. (2005). In summary,the stellar ages are derived by comparing the spectrum of eachgalaxy to a library of Bruzual & Charlot (2003) models at medium-high spectral resolution, encompassing the full range of physicallyplausible star formation histories. Similarly to Kauffmann et al.(2003a), they adopted a Bayesian approach to derive a posteriorilikelihood distribution of each physical parameter by computing thegoodness of fit of the observed spectrum for all the models in thelibrary.After matching the stellar ages catalog with theSDSS/ALFALFA SF sample, we obtained 4266 galaxies withinthe completeness limit and 1888 galaxies outside the completenesslimit. The stellar ages are distributed from ∼ . - 10 . years(see Fig 8, right), with a negative skew that could be indicative of asecond, younger population. We show the µ -Z relation as a functionof stellar age (Fig 8, left), as appreciated, a large fraction of thegalaxies have high gas metallicities. Additionally, we find that thet r -SSFR relation is tightly anti-correlated, and have included thisrelationship as it may be useful to have a rough estimate of the stellar age when it cannot be estimated through more sophisticatedmethods. The obtained fit is:log ( SSFR ) = − . (± . )× log ( t r )− . (± . ) (20)with RMSE = 0.29A further discussion on the implication of the stellar age isgiven in § In order to get some insight into the astrophysical processes whichcould drive the observed scaling relations for y eff , we comparedour results with predictions from the EAGLE suite of cosmologicalsimulations (Crain et al. 2015; Schaye et al. 2015). In Sec. 4.1, webriefly describe the set of EAGLE simulations used in this work andthe simulated galaxy sample. A comparison between observationaldata and EAGLE results is presented in Sec. 4.2, while in Sec. 4.3we discuss the effect of AGN feedback on effective yields.
EAGLE simulations
EAGLE simulations were performed by using a modified version ofthe GADGET-3 hydrodynamical code (Springel 2005). These sim-ulations track the joint evolution of dark matter and baryons withindifferent periodic comoving volumes, adopting different resolutions.The cosmology used is by EAGLE is H = .
77 km s − Mpc − , Ω M = . Ω Λ = . y eff trends (see below). The suffixin the name of the simulations indicate the box length in comov-ing megaparsec (cMpc, e.g. L025) and the cube root of the ini-tial number of particles per species (e.g. N0752). For simulationsrun with the reference model (denoted with the prefix ‘Ref’), thesubgrid parameters associated to energy feedback were calibratedto obtain good agreement with the z = . z ∼ y eff . In particu-lar, simulation AGNdT9-L050N0752 assumes a temperature incre-ment associated to AGN heating of ∆ T AGN = K while, for thereference model, ∆ T AGN = . K. Increasing ∆ T AGN drives moreenergetic individual feedback events, generally leading to smallerradiative losses in the ISM. Larger values of ∆ T AGN produce a more , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López [h] l lll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll l lllll l lll ll ll lll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll lll l llllll l lll l ll lll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l llllll ll lll l ll ll llll ll llll lll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll l lll llll ll lll ll ll ll l l l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll lll ll l ll lllll l l ll llll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l llll lll lll l ll ll llll ll lll l l lll ll l ll llll l l llll ll llll l l l ll lll ll l l lll ll llll l llll l llll l lll lll lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll llll l l lll lll ll l lll ll ll lll l l ll lll ll ll lllll lllll lll llll lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll lllll l ll l llllll lll l ll ll ll l ll l l ll lll l ll ll l ll lll lll l ll l ll l lll llll lll ll l l lll l ll ll lll ll llll lll lll ll llll l llll lll lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll lll ll l llll llll lll ll ll lll l lll ll llll llll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l lll ll ll llll lll ll l ll lll ll ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l ll lll l lll lll llll lll ll l ll l lll ll llll lll lll ll lll l lll ll lll ll l ll lll lll llll l ll ll l ll l llll l l l lll ll lll ll lll lll llll l l lll ll lll ll lll lllll l l l ll lll lll lll ll ll ll ll lll lll l ll ll lll lll l l l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll llll ll l ll llll ll l lll ll l l ll ll ll lll lll lll lll l lll l lll l ll l ll lll l ll ll lll ll l l l ll ll ll llllll lll l l l lll ll l lll l ll lll l l lll l ll lllll l ll ll ll lll ll lll l ll llll l ll lll lll l llll l ll ll lll l ll l ll lllll ll ll lll l ll l l ll ll l ll llll ll l l ll lll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll lll llll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll llll l ll llll l l ll ll ll l ll llll l lll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll lll l lll l l l lll llll l ll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll l llll l ll lll l ll ll ll lll llll ll l l l lll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll lllll l llll l lll l ll ll l lll llll lll l l ll llll l ll lll ll l ll ll l lll l lll l ll l l lll l l lll ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll lll ll lll l ll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l ll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll ll lllll ll l ll ll lll lll lll l l lll ll lll l ll ll ll lllll l ll ll l llll l l ll l ll llll ll ll ll l l lllll ll ll l l llll l lll llll ll lll lll lll ll lll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l lll ll ll l l l llll lll ll l l lll l ll l ll ll ll l l lll ll lll ll l ll l l l l ll ll ll l lllll ll ll ll l llll l l llllllll l lll llll l l llll l lll ll ll lll lll ll ll l lll l lll lll l l lll llll ll lll l l l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll ll l l llll l ll l llll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll l l l ll ll l lll lll l ll l lll llll lll l ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll llll lll lll ll lll ll l ll llll ll ll ll l l ll l l lll lll ll ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll lll l ll M gas ( M star + M gas ) + l og ( O / H ) l ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll l ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll ll lll lll l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll l l ll llll lll l l lll l l llll l l ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll l lll ll ll l ll l l lll l lll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll l ll lll l l lll ll ll l lll ll l lll lll lll l lllll llll l l ll l lll l l l ll l ll l ll lll l ll l l lll l llll l l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll l l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll llll l ll ll ll lll l llll l l ll ll ll ll lll lll llll lll l l ll ll ll l ll l ll l llll ll l ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll llll ll lll ll ll lll lll lll ll ll ll lll llll llll lll l ll ll lll l llll ll l l lll l ll l lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll llll lll lll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll l l ll ll lll lll l l lll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lllll l ll ll lll l lll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll lll ll llll l l llll ll ll lll lllll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll ll lll l l lll ll lll ll l lll l l ll ll l lll l ll l ll ll l lll l lll lll lll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l lll ll l llll ll l l l ll llll l lll ll llll lll ll lll lll ll lll l llll lll l ll lll lll l ll lll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll llll lll l lll lll llll lll lll l lllll ll lll ll ll llll lll ll lll ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll lll l l l ll ll ll lll lll ll l lll l ll l l ll l ll ll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l lll l lll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll l lll ll l ll l lll l l lll ll ll ll lll lll l lll lll l l llll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l l lll ll l lll l ll ll l lll lll lll ll l ll ll lll llll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l ll ll llll ll lll ll ll l lll lll lll ll l ll l lll lll ll llll ll ll llll l ll llll l ll ll llll l l ll l ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l l l lll llll l ll ll ll ll l l ll l l l ll lllll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll llll ll ll ll l lllll l l ll ll ll ll l llll l lll l l lll ll ll l l ll l lll lll ll ll llllll ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l l ll llll ll ll ll llll ll lll lll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll ll llll ll l l l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll l l lll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l lll l ll lll ll lll l ll l l lll llll lll ll l l lll ll l lll l ll ll ll lll lllll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lllll ll l lll l ll l lll lll ll ll l lll l ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll lll ll lll l l lll l lll l l lllllll ll lll lll ll ll l l l ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll llll l l lll l ll l lll l ll l ll l l lll l ll ll ll l lll l lllll l ll l ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l l ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l lll l ll llll ll l l llll ll l l l lllll ll l ll llll lll ll l l lllll llll l lll l ll l ll ll ll l l ll l llll lll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll l lllll l llll l l lllll lll ll ll ll llll l ll l ll lll lll l ll ll ll ll llll ll llll l ll l lll l lll l ll lll ll lll l l ll l ll llll lll l l ll l lll ll l ll l lllll l ll ll l ll lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll lll l llll lll l ll lll ll ll l l llll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll lll l ll lll ll llllll l lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll l lll l ll lll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll l l llllll llll lll ll ll lll ll lll lll l lll l l llll lll l l llll lll lll l l ll ll l l llll l lll lll ll l l lll ll l ll lll l ll l lll l lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll llll lll lll ll ll l l lll l l l llll lll l ll l l llllll lll ll ll lll l l ll l lll l l ll ll lll l l ll l ll l l llll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lllll l llll lllll lll l l llll lll ll lll ll l lll llll l ll l lll ll l ll l ll lllll ll ll lll ll llll l ll llll l lllll l l l llll ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll lll l lll ll lllll ll lll llll l l lll ll l ll llll l ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll lll l ll l ll lll ll ll l lll lll lll lll l ll ll ll lll ll llll l l l ll l ll l ll l llll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll llll lll ll ll lll ll llll l lll l ll llll l l ll l llllll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll llll l lll lll ll lll l l ll l l l l llll l ll l l lll l ll l l ll l ll ll lll ll ll lllll ll lll ll llll lll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll lll l l l ll l ll ll ll l l ll l lllll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll llll lll ll l llll ll l l lll l lll ll llll llll l ll ll l lll lll l ll l l ll l lll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll l llll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll lll ll llll lllll llll ll lll ll l lll ll ll ll l l lll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l l l ll ll l lllll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll llll ll ll lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l llll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll l llll lll llll l llll l lll lll ll llll ll ll l l ll lll lll ll llll lll l ll l l lll l l l ll l ll ll l ll l ll lll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll l llllll ll ll l l l lll lll ll l ll l ll l l lll ll llll llll lll ll l lll l l ll l lll l ll l l l ll ll l lll lll l ll l ll l llll l ll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l l lll ll lll ll l lll llll ll lll lll ll lll l ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l llll lll l lll ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll lll l l ll lll ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll l ll llll lllll l l ll ll l ll ll llll ll lll lll l l llll l lll l l llll l l lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l lll lll lll lll l ll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll lll l ll l ll l llll ll lll l lll l l ll l llll ll lllll l l ll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l l llll ll ll l ll llll ll ll llll lll ll ll lllll ll l l lll ll lll l lll ll llll llll ll ll lll ll lll ll l ll l l l lll llll ll ll ll llll ll lll l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll ll l ll l l lll ll ll lll lll lll l llll ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l l ll ll l l ll ll llll ll ll l ll lllll l lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll l l llll lll l lll l l lllll ll l lll l lll ll ll l l lll ll l l ll l ll ll lll l l l ll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l llll l l l lll l ll ll l lll llll lll lll lll lll lll llll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll l ll lll lll lll llllll ll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll llll lll ll l llllll ll ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l l llll l ll lll ll l ll ll l lll l lllll l llll ll lll l ll lll l ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll lll log ( t r ) [yr] ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll l l ll ll llllll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l l lll l l ll llll lllllll l ll l ll ll llll llll l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l l ll l ll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll lll llll lll lll l ll ll lll ll lll l lll ll lll llll ll ll lll ll l lllll ll l ll l ll l lll ll ll l llllll l lll lllll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll l l l ll ll l l l ll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll lll ll lll l l ll l ll lll ll l llll l l l ll lllll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l lllll lll ll ll l llll lll ll lll l llll ll ll ll ll lll lll l l ll l l l lll lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll l lll ll llll lll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll llll lll ll ll l ll l l ll llll llll l l l ll l ll l ll ll ll l ll l l lll llll lll llll l l l ll ll l ll llll lll l lll l lll lll l ll l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll l l lll l ll l ll l l lll ll l ll ll lll l l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll lllll ll lll ll lll l l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll l lll ll lll lll ll lllll ll l ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll l lll l ll ll l llll l llll l l lll ll lll l llll llll l lll l lll ll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l llll ll lll l l ll l ll ll l l l ll lll ll lll lll l ll lll ll l ll l lll ll l l lll ll l ll l llll l ll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll l l ll l l l ll l ll lll l llll lll l lll lll lll lllll l lll lllll ll ll l lll l lll l lll l ll ll l lll lll lll lll ll lll lll ll l ll lllllll ll lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l l lll l l l lll lll lll l llll lllll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l llll lll l ll ll ll ll lll l ll l ll lll l lll l ll l llll lll l ll ll llll llll l ll ll lll llll ll l ll l lllll l l lllll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll l ll ll l ll l l llllll ll l lll l ll ll l lllll ll l lll l lll l l ll l lll ll lll ll l l l llll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l l l ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll lllllll ll l ll ll ll ll lll llll l llll l lll l ll l ll ll l l l lll ll l l ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll lll llll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll lll lll llll l ll ll ll ll l llll lllll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll llll l l l llll ll llll l ll l l ll ll l ll lll llll lll ll l l l lll ll l llll lll ll l ll lll l lll l ll llll l ll ll lll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll l l ll lllll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l l ll l l ll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll llll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll ll lll lllll l ll ll l lll l ll lll l ll lll l lll ll l ll l lll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll l lll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lllll lll lllll ll lll ll ll l ll l lll l l ll lll l ll l l l log ( t r ) [yr] l og ( SS F R ) [ y r - ] ll lll l l ll lll ll llll lll l lll lll lll llll lll lll lll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l l ll l l lll ll llll ll lll l l ll ll lllll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll l l lll l l l lll ll lll ll ll l l lllll ll llll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll l l lll ll lllll lll ll l ll lll ll lll l lll l l lll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll l lll llll l l lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll lllll ll ll ll ll ll l ll llll lll lll l l lll l l ll l l l l ll l l l ll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll l l lll ll lll l lll l lll ll l ll l lll ll l lll l llllll l l ll ll l ll lll l ll llll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll l l l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll l l l ll lll lll ll l lll l l llll lllll l ll lll l lll ll lll ll llll llll ll lll lll ll ll ll l l ll ll l llll l ll lll lll llll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll l llllll l ll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll l lll lll lll ll l ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll llll lll l l lll l lll ll lll lll ll lll l ll ll llllll ll ll l ll lllll ll l ll ll l ll lll l lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l l lllll ll llll l lll lll l lll l ll l ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll llll l lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll lllll l llll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll llll l l ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l l llll lll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll l l l lll ll l lll lll l ll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll llll l lllll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll lll ll l lll l l lll l lll ll l ll l ll l lll llll l l ll lll l lll ll ll l l ll l l l ll l lll l lllll l ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l llll l ll lll llllll ll ll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll l ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll lll l l ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll lll l lll l lll lll l ll lll l l lll ll ll lll lll ll llll llll l llll ll l l ll l l llll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l lll l l ll llll lll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll l l lll lll ll llll lll l l ll ll lll l llll lllll lll ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll llll l l l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l ll l llll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll llll lll l lll llll ll l llll l lll lll l lll llll ll l ll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll lll l ll l l l ll ll lllll ll l lll ll lll l ll l l llll l lll l ll llll l ll ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll lll ll l l llll l ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll lllll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll ll l ll llll lll ll lll ll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll l lllll ll l lllll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll l llll lll ll lll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l llll lllll l ll lll l ll l ll lll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll lllll l l lll l lll l ll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll ll l ll ll l l ll lll ll l ll lll l lll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l l lll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l l lllll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll lllll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll llll l ll lll l lll l lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l llll lll l ll llllll ll ll ll ll ll llll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll lllll ll ll lll l l ll ll l llll lll ll l l l ll ll lll ll lll l l llll lllll l ll lll l lllll l l l lll ll l lll ll lllll ll l l l ll l l lll l lll ll l ll lll llll lllll l l lll lll lll ll llll ll l llll l l l ll ll ll llll lll ll lll l ll l l ll ll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll lll l lll l ll l lll ll ll llll ll lll lll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll lllll ll ll ll l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll lllll lllll ll ll llll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll l l lll ll ll lll lllll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l l lll lll l ll ll llllll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll llll lllll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll lll llll ll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l lll lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l l lll llll ll l lll ll l l l llll ll l lll lll l lll l ll llll lll l ll l ll lll ll l ll lll ll lll ll lll l lllll ll l lll l lll l l llll ll ll lll ll lllll ll l llll lll ll llll l lll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l ll l l lll l llll l ll llll l lll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l l ll ll lll l lll ll lll l ll l l ll lllll ll lll l ll l lll l ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll lll l l lll l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll ll llll l l ll l llll l llll l llll lll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll lll ll l llll lll lll l ll ll l ll lll ll llllll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll l lll llll ll ll llll ll l ll llll l ll lll ll l llll ll lll lll ll ll lll llll l l ll l l ll l lll l llll l l l ll ll l l lll l lll l l l ll l ll l lll ll ll l ll l lll llll l ll lll ll l ll ll llll ll l lll ll ll l llll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l llll l lllll llll ll ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l ll llll l ll l l lll lll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l l l lllll lll ll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll l ll l lllll ll ll lll ll lllll l l lll ll ll l ll l l ll ll l llll l l lll l l l lll ll ll lll l ll l l ll ll ll llll ll llll l ll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll lll ll l lll l lll l ll l l l lll ll llll l lll l l lll l ll ll ll lll lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll llll l ll lll ll l l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll lll l llll ll l l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll lll lll l llll ll ll l l llll lll lll lll ll lll l lllll l lll l l lll l lll l lll l l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll lll l l l ll ll llll l ll ll l lll l l llll l ll l l ll lll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll lll llll ll lll l llll l l lll lll l lll ll ll lllll ll l ll lll llll lll l llllll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll llll l ll llll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l l ll ll l l ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll l ll lllll ll lll lll l lll ll lll llll l llllll lll l l ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll lll l l lll ll lll ll l lll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll l l ll lllll llll ll ll ll lllll lll ll ll l lllll l ll l lll ll ll l lll lll lll l llll lll ll l lll ll l ll l ll lll lll l lll ll M gas ( M star + M gas ) −12−11−10−9 log ( t r ) [yr] F r equen cy Figure 8.
Left: µ -Z relation as a function of age weighted by r-luminosity (t r ), Center: t r -SSFR relation as a function of gas fraction. Right: Ages histogram.Galaxies within the completeness limit are color coded (4266 galaxies), while galaxies outside the completeness limit with an stellar age measured are shownin grey (1888 galaxies). intermittent feedback process (see De Rossi et al. 2017 for a deepanalysis of AGN feedback effects on the global chemical enrichmentof galaxies). In the case of the simulation NO-AGN-L050N0752,the black hole (BH) model is turned off: BH gas accretion and AGNfeedback are completely disabled.Throughout the current work, the global properties of simu-lated galaxies that are typically measured from optical diagnostics(e.g. M star , SFRs, stellar ages, chemical abundances), are estimatedconsidering bound particles within a spherical aperture of radius 30kpc centred on the potential minimum of the system. According toSchaye et al. (2015), stellar masses derived in this way are compa-rable to those obtained within a projected circular aperture of thePetrosian radius. As oxygen abundances are typically inferred fromSF gas HII regions, in this work, we evaluate chemical abundancestaking into account only star-forming gas particles, similarly to theprocedure applied by De Rossi et al. (2017). In Appendix B, weshow that the main trends found for EAGLE simulated yields arerobust against aperture effects.For estimating gas masses (M gas ), we follow Crain et al. (2017)and consider a larger aperture of 70 kpc, which roughly correspondsto the Arecibo L-Band Feed Array (ALFA) FWHM beam size of ∼ . z = .
037 (Catinella et al. 2010). In the case ofsimulations, we define M gas as the total hydrogen mass enclosedby 70 kpc. We have checked that, for the scaling relations studiedhere, similar general trends are obtained if defining M gas as theneutral hydrogen mass (M Hn ), where M Hn was calculated followingprevious works (e.g. Marasco et al. 2016). As the estimate of M Hn involves further assumptions and approximations, for the sake ofsimplicity, we do not applied such separation in this work. Thelarger aperture of 70 kpc used for estimating M gas leads to ≈ . M bar − y eff relation but the maintrends are preserved.Finally, to avoid resolution issues, in our analysis we onlyconsider the simulated galaxies with M star (cid:62) M (cid:12) (Schaye etal. 2015). Unless otherwise specified, we only present results forgalaxies with M star (cid:62) M (cid:12) . Within the EAGLE suite of simulations, the high-resolution Recal-L025N0752 run shows the best agreement with the observed metal-licity scaling relations (e.g. Schaye et al. 2015; De Rossi et al.2017, 2018). In particular, De Rossi et al. (2017) found that thesesimulations are able to reproduce the observed trends for the mass-metallicity relation and its secondary dependences on gas fraction,SFR, SSFR, and stellar age. Regarding effective yields, the Recal-L025N0752 run also predicts effective yields consistent with obser-vations of local low-mass galaxies (see De Rossi et al. 2017, Fig. 7);but, at higher masses, y eff tends to decrease with mass, departingfrom the observed behaviour reported by Tremonti et al. (2004). Itis worth noting that De Rossi et al. (2017) estimated gas massesconsidering SF gas particles within 30 kpc and such definition isdifferent to that applied here (Sec. 4.1). So, caution should be takenwhen comparing our results with those obtained by De Rossi et al.(2017). Tremonti et al. (2004) derived gas masses indirectly fromthe observed SFRs assuming a Schmidt law (Kennicutt 1998). Wewill show that effective yields obtained from the Recal-L025N0752simulations and observational results presented here are in betteragreement over a larger mass range.As a sanity check, in Fig. 9 we show a direct comparisonbetween our main ALFALFA/SDSS sample, and the result of thehigh resolution EAGLE simulations. Simulations and observationsare in a perfect agreement. Furthermore, even the dispersion in thescaling relations is recovered, where the M bar − y eff relation showsa bi-modal behaviour, and the t r − SSFR relation shows a very tightanti-correlation. We only note that EAGLE galaxies tend to be olderthan observed ones, which might be a consequence of the lower masscut that we imposed to our simulated sample (M star (cid:62) M (cid:12) ).In order that simulated galaxies are well resolved and to avoidnumerical artifacts, we follow De Rossi et al. (2017) and analyseonly galaxies with M star > M (cid:12) (see also Schaye et al. 2015).With this mass limit, we obtain, for example, more than 7000 bary-onic particles within an aperture of 30 kpc for the Recal-L025N0752simulation. We note, however, that this lower mass cut is below themass limit associated to the observed sample within the complete-ness limit ( > M (cid:12) , Fig. 2). Had we included in our analysis thesub-sample of simulated galaxies with 10 M (cid:12) < M star < M (cid:12) ,higher effective yields would have been obtained at the low-massend of our analysed scaling relations, reaching log(y eff ) ∼ − eff ) is explained considering that MNRAS000
037 (Catinella et al. 2010). In the case ofsimulations, we define M gas as the total hydrogen mass enclosedby 70 kpc. We have checked that, for the scaling relations studiedhere, similar general trends are obtained if defining M gas as theneutral hydrogen mass (M Hn ), where M Hn was calculated followingprevious works (e.g. Marasco et al. 2016). As the estimate of M Hn involves further assumptions and approximations, for the sake ofsimplicity, we do not applied such separation in this work. Thelarger aperture of 70 kpc used for estimating M gas leads to ≈ . M bar − y eff relation but the maintrends are preserved.Finally, to avoid resolution issues, in our analysis we onlyconsider the simulated galaxies with M star (cid:62) M (cid:12) (Schaye etal. 2015). Unless otherwise specified, we only present results forgalaxies with M star (cid:62) M (cid:12) . Within the EAGLE suite of simulations, the high-resolution Recal-L025N0752 run shows the best agreement with the observed metal-licity scaling relations (e.g. Schaye et al. 2015; De Rossi et al.2017, 2018). In particular, De Rossi et al. (2017) found that thesesimulations are able to reproduce the observed trends for the mass-metallicity relation and its secondary dependences on gas fraction,SFR, SSFR, and stellar age. Regarding effective yields, the Recal-L025N0752 run also predicts effective yields consistent with obser-vations of local low-mass galaxies (see De Rossi et al. 2017, Fig. 7);but, at higher masses, y eff tends to decrease with mass, departingfrom the observed behaviour reported by Tremonti et al. (2004). Itis worth noting that De Rossi et al. (2017) estimated gas massesconsidering SF gas particles within 30 kpc and such definition isdifferent to that applied here (Sec. 4.1). So, caution should be takenwhen comparing our results with those obtained by De Rossi et al.(2017). Tremonti et al. (2004) derived gas masses indirectly fromthe observed SFRs assuming a Schmidt law (Kennicutt 1998). Wewill show that effective yields obtained from the Recal-L025N0752simulations and observational results presented here are in betteragreement over a larger mass range.As a sanity check, in Fig. 9 we show a direct comparisonbetween our main ALFALFA/SDSS sample, and the result of thehigh resolution EAGLE simulations. Simulations and observationsare in a perfect agreement. Furthermore, even the dispersion in thescaling relations is recovered, where the M bar − y eff relation showsa bi-modal behaviour, and the t r − SSFR relation shows a very tightanti-correlation. We only note that EAGLE galaxies tend to be olderthan observed ones, which might be a consequence of the lower masscut that we imposed to our simulated sample (M star (cid:62) M (cid:12) ).In order that simulated galaxies are well resolved and to avoidnumerical artifacts, we follow De Rossi et al. (2017) and analyseonly galaxies with M star > M (cid:12) (see also Schaye et al. 2015).With this mass limit, we obtain, for example, more than 7000 bary-onic particles within an aperture of 30 kpc for the Recal-L025N0752simulation. We note, however, that this lower mass cut is below themass limit associated to the observed sample within the complete-ness limit ( > M (cid:12) , Fig. 2). Had we included in our analysis thesub-sample of simulated galaxies with 10 M (cid:12) < M star < M (cid:12) ,higher effective yields would have been obtained at the low-massend of our analysed scaling relations, reaching log(y eff ) ∼ − eff ) is explained considering that MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators galaxies within such low mass range, tend to show higher than av-erage gas fractions, SSFRs and lower than average SFEs and ages(see Fig. 10). Finally, we note that a mass limit of 10 M (cid:12) selectssystems poorly resolved (less than 50 baryonic particles within 30kpc) even for the Recal-L025N0752 simulation (the higher resolu-tion simulation within the EAGLE suite). Therefore, we decided toapply a cut at a higher mass (10 M (cid:12) ).We also notice that high values of y eff (cid:38) − . The third panel in Fig. 9 shows that observations and simulationspredict a correlation between y eff and M bar at low masses. Thisbehavior has been previously explained in the literature by invokingthe higher efficiency of galactic winds to eject metals from theshallower potential wells of low-mass galaxies. On the other hand,at high masses, a flattening of the M bar − y eff relation was reportedby Tremonti et al. (2004). Interestingly, our main ALFALFA/SDSSand EAGLE samples predict an anti-correlation between y eff andM bar for massive galaxies. It is important to note that Tremonti et al.(2004) used indirect estimations of gas masses, while in this workwe are using direct measurements. In this section, we will show thatsuch effect seems to be a consequence of AGN feedback.Fig. 10 show effective yields as a function of baryonic mass fordifferent EAGLE simulations: Recal-L025N0752, Ref-L050N0752,AGNdT9-L050N0752 and NO-AGN-L050N0752 (from top to bot-tom, as indicated in the figure). Median relations at z = µ = M gas /( M gas + M star ) , SFE, SSFR and stellar mean age(from left to right, as indicated in the figure). All considered massbins contain N bin (cid:62) (cid:54) N bin < r band using photo-metric data of stellar particles available in the public EAGLE database (McAlpine et al. 2016). As photometric data are not availablefor all ‘L050N0752’ simulations, we use the mass-weighted meanages ( t m ) when analysing samples of galaxies extracted from thosesimulations.The top panels in Fig. 10 show results for the Recal-L025N0752 simulation. In each panel, the black solid line depictsthe median relation associated to the whole sample of galaxies. It isclear that, for smaller galaxies, y eff seems to correlate with M bar , onaverage. In addition, at a given log(M bar ) (cid:46)
10 M (cid:12) , systems withlower values of y eff show lower f gas , higher SFEs and lower SSFRs;but, there is a no clear dependence of y eff on age at low masses. Onthe other hand, for more massive galaxies, y eff decreases with M bar on average. In addition, at a given log(M bar ) (cid:38)
10 M (cid:12) , lower valuesof y eff are associated to old galaxies with low gas fractions, SFEsand SSFRs; thus, passive systems whose SF process is quenched.In order to investigate at what extent AGN feedback mightbe responsible for the very low values of y eff at high masses, weanalyse simulations Ref-, AGNdT9- and NO-AGN-L050N0752. Asmentioned, the ‘Ref’ model is the standard one, while the ‘NO-AGN’ model suppresses all AGN feedback effects. On the otherhand, the ‘AGNdT9’ model predicts a stronger impact of AGNfeedback on the chemical evolution of galaxies, as discussed in detailin De Rossi et al. 2017 (see their Sec. 3.3 and 7.1.2). The three lowerrows of panels in Fig. 10 compare the M bar − y eff relations for theaforementioned simulations. It is clear that, at low masses, similartrends are obtained for the different AGN feedback prescriptions. Asexpected, low mass systems seem not to be significantly affected by [h] ll lll lll ll ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll lll l l llll llll l ll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll llll lll lll lllll lll ll l lll llll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l l ll l l lllll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll llll lll llll lll llll ll lll lll ll lll ll l llll l ll ll ll llll ll llll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll l ll l lll l ll ll ll lll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll lll lll lll ll llll l l ll l l ll ll ll l l l ll l lll lll ll ll lll l l lll llll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lll l l lll lll ll llll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll lll llll ll l ll llll lll llllll ll l l lllll ll lllll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l lll lll l lllll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l lll l llll l l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll l lllll ll l lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll l llll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll lll l ll l l l l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll l l ll l lll l lllll ll ll llll l llll lll l lllllll lll l lllll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll l lll llll ll lll l lll lll ll l ll l ll ll l l l lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll llll l ll l lll l lll l lll ll lll llll l l ll ll l lll ll l ll lllll lll ll ll ll lll ll l l ll llll ll ll lll l lllll l l ll l ll llll l ll ll lll ll ll l lllll l lll lll l llll llll l l lll l llll ll lll l ll lll ll ll l l ll ll lll l ll l llll l l llll lll l lll ll l ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll lll l ll ll ll llll ll lll ll ll ll l lllll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l ll l ll l lll l ll ll lll l l lll ll ll lll llll l l llll lll ll ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll l llll lll l lll l ll lll lll ll ll l llll lll lll ll l l ll l lll ll ll l lll ll ll l llll ll llll l lllll lll lll lll l ll ll l llllll lll l ll l lll lll lll l lll lll lll l llll ll lll l ll ll llll l llll l l ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l l ll l l ll l l llll ll llll l lll l ll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll lll llll l ll l l lll l ll l ll l lll l l llll llll l ll llll l l ll lll ll llll l l ll lll l lllll l lll l l ll l lll llll l llll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l l l ll lll l llll lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l l l llll ll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll lll l lll ll l l ll l llll llll ll l l lll llll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l l l lll l l lll l l l ll ll llll l ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l llll l lll l ll llll l lll l llll lll ll lll lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll lll ll ll lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l llll ll ll l l lll l ll l lll lll lll ll l lll llll l ll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll l lll l l llll ll ll lllll ll llll l ll l lll ll lll l l l l lll ll ll lll l ll lll ll lll ll lllll l lll l l ll l ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l llll lll l lll lll l ll l ll ll lll ll l l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l llll lllll l l ll l ll lll l lll l l lll lll lllll lllll ll lll l llllll l l ll l l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l llll lll l lll ll llll lll lll ll ll lll ll lll llll l ll lll ll l lll l lll llll llll l lll lll llll l lllll ll l ll ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll l lll l ll l l ll l ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l l l lll l lll ll ll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l llll ll lll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll l lll l llll l l llll l llll ll lll ll ll lll l lll ll llll l lll ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l l lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll ll l lll llll ll llll l llll ll lll ll ll l l l l lll l l ll ll lll llll lll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll lll lll ll l ll llll l l ll l ll l ll lll l l ll l l ll l lll l l l ll llll l l ll ll l lllll lllll ll lllll l lll ll llll l ll llll ll lll llll l l lll l ll lll llll l ll l l ll llll l ll l llll lll ll l l ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll lll l lllll lll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll lll lllll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll llll llll l ll l l l ll lll ll ll llll lll l l lll llll ll ll llll lllll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l ll ll lll ll l l llll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l l lll llll lll lll ll llllll ll ll l ll ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l lll ll ll ll llll l ll lll l l lll ll l lllll l ll lll l ll ll ll ll lll l lll l ll l lllll ll l llll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll lll lll l lll ll ll llll lll l l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lll l ll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll lll l ll lll ll lllll ll llll lll l l lll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll ll lll ll llll llll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll l lll l lll ll l lll ll lll lll l llll l l l llll ll l l l ll ll ll l ll l l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll l l llll ll lll l ll l l ll lll l llll l lll lll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l l llll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll lll llll l lll lll lll ll ll l llll ll lllll ll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll l ll l lll ll l ll llll ll ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llllll l l lllll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll l l l llll llll lll ll l lll lllll lll l lll lll l lll ll ll l lll l lll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l l llll l l lll ll ll lll llll ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l lll l l l lll l ll ll llll lll lllll l l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l l ll lll l llll ll ll llll lll ll l ll l llll l ll ll llllll lll ll l ll l ll ll lll lll ll l lll ll lll l l ll ll ll lll l lll ll l lll l l lllll ll ll llll l l lllll ll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l lll ll ll l l ll ll llll ll l lllllll ll l llll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l l ll ll l ll llll ll llll lll l l l lll l ll l l ll ll l ll l llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l lllll l lll ll ll lll l lll l lll l lll ll l l llll llll ll ll l lll ll l llll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll ll lll ll ll llll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l l ll l l lll l lll l ll ll l lll l ll lll lll l l ll lllll l ll lll l lll l ll lll lll l lll ll l ll llll lll l l lll lll l ll lllll lllll l lll llllll l lll l l l ll l lll ll ll lll l lll l ll lll ll llll ll lll l ll ll l ll l lllll ll ll l lll l llll llll lll l ll ll l ll ll l l l l llll llll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll ll lll lllll llll lll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll ll ll l lll l ll lll l ll lllll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll llll ll l l ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll lll lll l llll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll l lll ll llll lll l l ll lllll lll l lll l l ll l ll l l lllll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll lll l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l llll lll l llll ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll l l ll l ll lll l lll l lll ll ll l llll lll ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll lll lll lll ll ll l l l lll ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll llll lllll lll lll llllll l l lll l ll ll ll l l lllll l ll llll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll lll l l lll ll lllll ll l ll lll l ll ll l l l ll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll lll lll l ll lll l ll l llll lll lll l l lll lll ll lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll lll l l ll lllll l ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll lll lllll l lll ll lll l ll lll ll lll l lll l llll l ll ll ll lllll l l l lllll l llll l l llll lll llll lll llll ll ll l ll l lll llll ll l llll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l llll ll l llllll ll ll ll l lll l l lll l llll lll ll lll l l ll l ll ll lll llll ll l ll l l ll ll ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll l ll lll lll l lll l lll lll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll ll ll llll llll ll lll llll ll lllll l l llll ll lll l llll ll ll ll l lll lllll l ll lll l lllll l l l llll llll lll lll ll ll l lll ll ll llllll l ll l ll llll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll lll ll l l ll l l l l lll lll l ll l llll l llll l llll ll l lll lll ll lll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l lllll ll ll l l ll l lll l ll l ll l llll lll l lll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll llllll l ll lll l llll ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l lll ll ll lll l l llll ll l l ll llll l ll ll llll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll ll l l llll M gas ( M star + M gas ) + l og ( O / H ) l ll lll l llll l l llll lll llll ll ll ll lll l llll l ll l l ll lll l l lll l lllllll l l lll l l lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll l l llllllll lll l l lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll l llll ll ll l ll lll ll l l llll l ll ll ll l lll l l ll lll ll llll l lll l ll lll l ll l ll l lll ll l lll ll lll ll l l ll ll l l llll ll l ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l lll lll lll lll llll lll ll lll l l l lll ll lll lll ll lll lll ll l llll ll ll ll l ll llll ll l l l ll l ll l lll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll lll lllllll l ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll l l llll l ll ll l ll llll l llll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l lll l ll ll llll lll l lll ll lllll l ll l lll ll ll lll l l l llll l l l lll ll ll l lll ll ll lll l llll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lllll ll l ll lll ll lll ll l l ll llll l ll ll ll lll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll ll l lllll ll lll l ll ll ll l llll l llllll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll lll ll ll l ll lll ll llll llll ll ll l ll ll lll l ll lll ll l ll llll l l ll l lll l llll ll lll ll lll ll l ll lll l ll lll ll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll lll llll ll l ll l l ll lll lll lll ll l l ll ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lllll l ll l ll l lll l lll l l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll l llll llll l llll l l llll ll ll llll ll lll l lllll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll ll lll l l lll l ll l lll ll ll l ll lll l l ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll llll l lllllll l ll lll lll lll l llll ll llll ll lll ll llll l ll ll l llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l l ll llll l l lll l l ll llll lll ll lll l l ll l ll ll lll ll llll l llll l ll lll l lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll ll llll lll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll lll l lll l l lllll llllll lll lll ll ll l llll ll lll lllll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l llll ll ll l l lll l l ll l l lll ll ll lll l l ll l lll ll l lll l l l ll ll llll l lll lll ll l lll lll l l ll l ll l l llll l l l l lll l ll lll ll ll lll l llll ll lll l ll lllll ll l llll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll lll l ll ll ll llll l ll lll l llll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l l l lll l ll lll l l ll l ll ll ll l l ll l lll lll l lll lll lll ll l lll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll l l l ll l lll ll l l l lllll l ll l ll ll l l llll lll lll l ll l ll lll llll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll ll l lllll lll lllll llll l l ll l lll l ll l llll ll llll ll l ll l l lll lll l lll lll lll l ll ll l lll lll llll lll ll lll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll llll l lll lll l ll lll l l ll ll ll l l lll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll l ll llll l lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll l l l ll lll lll l l llll l ll l l lll l ll ll l lll ll llll ll lll l llll llll ll ll ll l l llllllll l l llll l ll l ll ll l l lll ll llll lll ll ll llll ll l l lll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll llllll ll lll lll l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll l lll ll lll l l lll lll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l l lll ll ll lll ll l lll ll l llll ll lll l lll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l l ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll lll l l ll l l l lll ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll ll l lll l l l ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll lll l llll lll l ll l ll l ll lll ll l llll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll ll l l ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l ll l l llll lll l ll l ll lll l llll l ll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll lll l ll ll l l ll ll l l l lll lll l llllll llll ll llll lll ll l llllll lll l l l l ll lll llll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll lll lll llll ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll lll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lll lll l ll l ll llll ll llll lll ll l ll l llll ll lllll ll ll l l l l lll llll l ll lll l llll ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll l ll l lllll l ll lll ll lll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l l lllll ll l l ll lllllll ll ll ll l ll l llll ll llll l ll ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l l l ll ll llll lll ll ll lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l l l ll lll ll ll lll l lllll ll l l lllllll llll ll lll ll l llll l ll l lll lll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll l ll ll llllll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll ll lll lll ll l l ll ll lll llll lll l l ll l l llll l ll l ll l llll ll ll l ll ll l ll llll l lll l llll ll ll l ll l l ll l lll l lll ll lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll lll llll ll llll ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l lll llllll lll l l l lll llll llll ll ll ll lll lll l l lll l llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll ll l l ll ll llll l llll ll lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll l lll l lll l l lll ll lll l l llll lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l l llll l lll lll ll l lll l l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll ll lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll llll lll l ll l l llll l lll l lll ll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll l llll l l lll lll llll l l ll l l ll l l llll ll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll llll l ll l ll ll lllll lll llll lllll lll l ll l lll ll l lll ll l lllll lll l ll ll ll llll l ll l llll l ll ll ll lll ll llllll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll llll l ll lllll l l l ll l ll ll l lll ll llll l llll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll llll ll l ll ll l lll llll l l l ll lll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l ll l l lllll ll ll l ll lll ll l lll llll lll l lll lll llll llll l ll lll l ll l l ll ll lll lllll l ll l lll llll l l ll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll lll l l ll lll l ll l l lll l l l ll ll ll l lll l llll lll ll lll l l lll lll lll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll l l ll ll ll llll l ll l ll llll ll lll llll l l ll l l llll lll l l ll lll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l lll llll l l l lll ll ll llll lllll l l lll l l l l ll ll ll l llll ll l ll llll ll ll l l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll ll llllll l ll lll ll lll ll llll l ll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l 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llll ll ll ll lll l l ll ll lll l lll llll ll l llll l l ll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l ll lll l lllllll lll ll l l llll lll l l lll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l ll ll ll lll l llll l l llll ll l l lll llll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll l l lllll ll l l ll ll lll llll lll l lll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll l ll llll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll lllll ll ll llll l llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l l ll lll l llll ll ll lll l l lll llll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll l l lll lll l l ll ll ll llll ll ll l lll lll ll l ll lll lll l lll lll ll lllll l llll lll ll lll l lllll lllll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll lll ll ll llll l ll ll ll l llll l ll ll lll l ll l l l lll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll l llll l ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll ll l ll lll l ll ll llll l ll ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll l ll l ll llll l lll lll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll l lllll l l lll ll ll ll l ll l l l ll llll lll lll ll ll llll ll lll lll l llll l l ll l lll l l lllll llll ll lll l ll lll l l l llllll l ll lll l l llll ll ll ll lll llll l lll ll l lll l ll lllll lllll llll l lll ll ll ll l lll l ll lll lllll ll l ll lll ll ll l ll lll l lllll ll l l lll ll l ll lll llll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lll lll ll lll llll lll ll lll llll llll l ll l ll l l ll l ll lll lll llll l ll l lll l l lll l ll ll lll l lllll l llll llll ll lll l lll ll ll l lll l lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll llll ll ll lllll ll l l lll l ll l ll lll ll ll llllll ll l ll l lll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll l lll ll lll l ll ll l l llll ll l ll ll llll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l lll l l ll ll llllll ll ll llll l l ll ll ll lll l lll llll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll llll llll ll lll lll lll ll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l l lllll ll lll ll ll l ll l lll lll lllll ll l ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll lll lll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll l ll lll llll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l llll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll lll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll l l lll l l ll ll l lll lll l l lll ll l ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll lll ll l l llll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll l l lll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll ll l l l ll l ll lll ll ll ll llll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll l lll l lll ll llll l ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l ll lll llll llll ll ll llll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll lll ll llll ll ll lll lll ll lll llll llll l ll ll ll l llll ll ll ll ll llll l l l ll ll lll ll lllll lll ll lllll l lll ll l l ll ll lll ll llll l ll l lll lll lll ll lll ll l llll ll lll l lll ll l lll ll ll l ll ll l ll l l ll ll ll l l ll ll lll llll ll lll lll ll l lll llll ll l lll lll l lll l lll l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll lll l lll ll ll ll l llllll lll llll l ll ll lll l l ll lll lll l ll lll l ll l ll ll lll l lllll lll ll lll lll ll lll ll ll llll l ll ll l lll ll lll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll llll ll llll ll ll lll l l l l ll l ll lll ll lll ll ll lll ll ll ll llll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll l l ll lllll llllll l l ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l lll ll ll llll ll lll l ll l llll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll lll lll lll ll l lll l l l llll l l l lll ll lll llll l lll llll l lll lll l ll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l l ll ll l lll lll ll ll ll l l l ll ll lll l llll l l lll ll lllll llll l ll ll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l ll lllll l ll lll ll ll l l ll l llll ll lll ll l lll l lll lll ll ll lll ll l lllll ll llll l l ll l ll ll lll ll llll ll ll lll l llll llll ll l llll ll lll lll lll lll ll lll l l ll l l lll ll ll llll l ll ll lll ll l lll l l l llllll l llll l l lll lll l lll ll lll ll lllll l lllll llll llll llll l l ll ll ll ll l llllll llll lll ll l ll lll llll l l lll l llll lllll l llll lll ll l ll llll l ll ll llll ll l lll llll ll lll l ll lllll ll l ll llllll lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll l lllll l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll lll lll l lll l ll l lll l l ll l l ll ll ll ll l ll lll l lll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l l llll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll llll l lll ll ll l ll ll lll l lll ll ll l ll l l lll ll l l ll lll l l l ll ll ll ll l llll l ll lll l ll lll lll ll ll l ll llll l lll llll ll lllll ll ll llll l lll l ll ll ll ll lll llll lll ll l l ll lll l l l l ll ll lll lllll ll llll lll ll llll ll ll lll l lll l lll l ll lll lll lllll ll l lll ll lll lll lll ll ll l ll l ll ll l l lll l ll l ll lll lll llll l ll ll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lllll lll l l ll lll llll ll l l lll ll lll lllll ll ll lll llll l ll l lll l l lll l l ll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll l ll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll l ll ll llll ll lll l lll lll ll l lll l ll llll ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll l l ll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll l ll ll l llll ll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll lll ll llll lll ll l ll ll l lllll lll l lll l lll ll ll llll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll lll ll l lll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll ll l l l ll ll ll lll lll l ll lll ll l lll lll ll lll llll lll ll l l ll ll l llll llll l l l ll ll l l lllll l lll ll lll lll l ll ll l ll l llll ll ll l lllll ll llll lll ll l lll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll llll ll l lll lll l ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll lllll l lll lll ll l l l ll lll lll l lll l ll ll l lll lll ll l ll ll llll l ll llll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll llllll ll llll lll ll ll llll l ll lll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll l l ll lll lll l l lll llll lllll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll lll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll lll llll l ll lllll ll llll l llllll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll lllll l llll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll lll lll ll l llll lll lll l llll l l ll ll lll lll l lllll llll l l lll lll l ll llll l lll l lllll l llll ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll llll llll ll llll lll ll lll lll lll ll ll lll ll llll lll l llll llll ll ll l ll llll l l lll ll l lll llll l ll l l lll ll l llll ll llll ll ll lll ll llll ll l ll l ll l ll lllll l ll ll lll lll l ll l l ll lll l l ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l lll l ll lll ll l l llll lll lll lll lll llll l l ll l ll lll l l ll ll l ll l llll l l lll l lll lll ll ll l lll l llll l llll lll ll ll lll l ll l llll l l ll lll ll ll l l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l ll l l llll l ll ll ll llll l ll llll l ll ll l llll lllll ll l l ll l lll ll l l ll llll lll ll lll lllll lllll ll l ll l lll ll l llll l llll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll llll ll lllll ll l llll lll lll l ll l lllll lll ll l ll ll ll l ll l l ll l l llll ll l lll lll l l lll l ll ll llll ll llll l l l lllll ll ll ll lllll l lllll lll ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll l ll l lll ll l llll l lll l lll ll ll ll llll ll lll lll l l ll lllll l llllll ll ll lll l lll ll l ll ll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll lll ll l lll lll l l ll lll ll l ll ll llll lll lll l llll ll ll l ll ll ll llll llll ll lllll l lll l lll ll ll ll l lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll lll l ll lllll ll ll llll llll l lll - - - - - log ( SFE ) [yr - ] EAGLE −3.0−2.5−2.0−1.5−1.0 ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll ll lll l l ll ll llllll ll ll lll ll llll ll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll ll l ll ll l l lll l l ll llll lllllll l ll l ll ll llll llll l l ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll l l ll l ll l lll l llll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l llll ll lll llll lll lll l ll ll lll ll lll l lll ll lll llll ll ll lll ll l lllll ll l ll l ll l lll ll ll l llllll l lll lllll ll l lll ll l lll ll ll l l l ll ll l l l ll ll ll ll l llll l ll ll l lll l ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll lll ll lll l l ll l ll lll ll l llll l l l ll lllll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l lllll lll ll ll l llll lll ll lll l llll ll ll ll ll lll lll l l ll l l l lll lll l ll l ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll l lll l ll l ll l lll ll llll lll l ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll ll llll ll ll lll l lll lll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l l ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l ll llll lll ll ll l ll l l ll llll llll l l l ll l ll l ll ll ll l ll l l lll llll lll llll l l l ll ll l ll llll lll l lll l lll lll l ll l ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l lll l l lll l ll l ll l l lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll l lll l ll ll ll l ll lllll ll lll ll lll l l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll l lll ll lll lll ll lllll ll l ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll l ll l lll l ll ll l llll l llll l l lll ll lll l llll llll l lll l lll ll ll l ll l ll l lll ll l llll ll lll l l ll l ll ll l l l ll lll ll lll lll l ll lll ll l ll l lll ll l l lll ll l ll l llll l ll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll l l ll l l l ll l lllll l llll lll l lll lll lll lllll l lll lllll ll ll l lll l lll l lll l ll ll l lll lll lll lll ll lll lll ll l ll lllllll ll lll ll l lll ll ll lll ll ll lll ll l l lll l l l lll lll lll l llll lllll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll ll lll l ll l llll lll l ll ll ll ll lll l ll l ll lll l lll l ll l llll lll l ll ll llll llll l ll ll lll llll ll l ll l lllll l l lllll l lll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l lllll l ll ll l ll l l llllll ll l lll l ll ll l lllll ll l lll l lll l l ll l lll ll lll ll l l l llll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll lll l l l ll ll l ll ll ll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll ll l ll lllllll ll l ll ll ll ll lll llll l llll l lll l ll l ll ll l l l lll ll l l ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll ll ll l lll lll lll llll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll lll lll llll l ll ll ll ll l llll lllll ll ll ll lll ll ll lll llll l l l llll ll llll l ll l l ll ll l ll lll llll lll ll l l l lll ll l llll lll ll l ll lll l lll l ll llll l ll ll lll ll lll llll ll lll ll ll l l ll lllll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l l ll l l ll l ll l ll l l ll ll ll llll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll ll lll lllll l ll ll l lll l ll lll l ll lll l lll ll l ll l lll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll l lll l l ll lll lll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l lllll lll lllll ll lll ll ll l ll l lll l l ll lll l ll l l l log ( t r ) [yr] l og ( SS F R ) [ y r - ] ll lll l l ll lll ll llll lll l lll lll lll llll lll lll lll ll lll llll ll l lll ll ll ll lll l l ll l l lll ll llll ll lll l l ll ll lllll ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll l l lll l l l lll ll lll ll ll l l lllll ll llll l ll ll l ll lll ll ll lll ll lll ll l l lll ll lllll lll ll l ll lll ll lll l lll l l lll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll l lll llll l l lll ll ll l ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l lll ll ll lll lll lllll ll ll ll ll ll l ll llll lll lll l l lll l l ll l l l l ll l l l ll l ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll l l lll ll lll l l lll ll lll l lll l lll ll l ll l lll ll l lll l llllll l l ll ll l ll lll l ll llll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll l l l ll ll l ll l ll ll ll l l ll lll ll ll ll ll l l lll lll l l l ll lll lll ll l lll l l llll lllll l ll lll l lll ll lll ll llll llll ll lll lll ll ll ll l l ll ll l llll l ll lll lll llll ll lll l lll l ll ll lll ll l l ll ll ll ll ll ll lll llll ll ll ll lll lll lll l ll ll ll l llllll l ll l ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll l lll lll lll ll l ll ll l l ll l lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll lll lll l ll l lll ll l ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll llll lll l l lll l lll ll lll lll ll lll l ll ll llllll ll ll l ll lllll ll l ll ll l ll lll l lll lll ll l ll ll l ll l l lllll ll llll l lll lll l lll l ll l ll ll llll ll l ll ll ll llll l lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll lll ll lllll l llll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll llll l l ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l lll l l llll lll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll l lll lll l l lll l l llll ll l lll lll l ll l l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll l ll ll ll l l l ll lll ll ll ll l ll llll l lllll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll lll l lll ll ll l l ll l lll lll ll l lll l l lll l lll ll l ll l ll l lll llll l l ll lll l lll ll ll l l ll l l l ll l lll l lllll l ll l l lll l ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll l llll l ll lll llllll ll ll ll lll l ll llll ll l ll l ll llll ll l ll ll l lll l l ll lll l l ll l ll lll ll l ll l ll lll l lll l lll lll l ll lll l l lll ll ll lll lll ll llll llll l llll ll l l ll l l llll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll l lll l lll llll lll l ll ll l ll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll lll lll ll llll lll l l ll ll lll l llll lllll lll ll ll l ll ll lll ll lll ll llll l l l lll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll l l ll l llll lll ll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll llll lll l lll llll ll l llll l lll lll l lll llll ll l ll l lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll lll l ll l l l ll ll lllll ll l lll ll lll l ll l l llll l lll l ll llll l ll ll l l ll ll lll ll ll l ll l ll lll lll lll ll l l llll l ll l ll ll ll lll ll lll ll ll lllll ll ll ll ll ll l ll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll ll l ll llll lll ll lll ll l lll lll lll l ll l ll ll l lllll ll l lllll ll ll ll ll ll l l ll l ll ll l lll l lll ll lll ll ll lll l ll l ll ll lll l llll lll ll lll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll l llll lllll l ll lll l ll l ll lll ll ll l lll ll lll l ll ll lll ll ll lllll l l lll l lll l ll l lll lll ll ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll ll l ll ll l l ll lll ll l ll lll l lll lll lll ll ll ll l ll l l lll ll ll ll lll ll l ll ll ll l l l lllll ll ll ll l lll lll l ll lllll lll l ll ll ll ll l lll ll lll lll ll ll llll ll l ll ll l ll ll l ll llll l ll lll l lll l lll lll lll l ll ll ll ll l ll l llll lll l ll llllll ll ll ll ll ll llll llll ll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll lllll ll ll lll l l ll ll l llll lll ll l l l ll ll lll ll lll l l llll lllll l ll lll l lllll l l l lll ll l lll ll lllll ll l l l ll l l lll l lll ll l ll lll llll lllll l l lll lll lll ll llll ll l llll l l l ll ll ll llll lll ll lll l ll l l ll ll l lll l lll ll ll ll ll l lll l lllll lll l lll l ll l lll ll ll llll ll lll lll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll l ll l ll ll lllll ll ll ll l lll ll l lll ll l ll ll lllll lllll ll ll llll ll l l ll ll ll lll ll l l lll ll ll lll lllll ll l l ll llll ll ll ll l ll ll llll l lll lll l ll ll llllll ll ll ll lll lll ll ll ll l ll ll ll l lll l ll llll lllll ll lll l ll l lll ll l ll lll llll ll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll ll l lll lll ll ll l lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll l l lll llll ll l lll ll l l l llll ll l lll lll l lll l ll llll lll l ll l ll lll ll l ll lll ll lll ll lll l lllll ll llll l lll l l llll ll ll lll ll lllll ll l llll lll ll llll l lll ll lll ll l lll lll l lll l ll l l lll l llll l ll llll l lll ll lll ll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll ll ll ll llll l l ll ll lll l lll ll lll l ll l l ll lllll ll lll l ll l lll l ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll ll ll llll ll ll ll ll lll l ll ll lll lll l l lll l ll ll ll l ll l lll llll ll llll l l ll l llll l llll l llll lll ll lll ll ll ll l ll l ll ll lll ll l llll lll lll l ll ll l ll lll ll llllll ll lll ll ll lll lll ll ll l lll llll ll ll llll ll l ll llll l ll lll ll l llll ll lll lll ll ll lll llll l l ll l l ll l lll l llll l l l ll ll l l lll l lll l l l ll l ll l lll ll ll l ll l lll llll l ll lll ll l ll ll llll ll l lll ll ll l llll ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l llll l lllll llll ll ll lllll lll l ll lll ll l ll llll l ll l l lll lll l l ll llll ll ll ll ll ll lll ll ll l lll ll l ll ll ll ll lll ll l ll l ll l l l lllll lll ll ll ll l l lll ll ll ll ll ll l lll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll ll ll l ll l lllll ll ll lll ll lllll l l lll ll ll l ll l l ll ll l llll l l lll l l l lll ll ll lll l ll l l ll ll ll llll ll llll l ll ll l ll lll ll l ll ll lll l ll ll ll l lll ll l l ll lll ll l lll l lll l ll l l l lll ll llll l lll l l lll l ll ll ll lll lll l ll lll ll lll ll ll llll l ll lll ll l l ll ll l l ll ll ll ll lll ll lll ll lll lll l llll ll l l ll ll ll l lll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll l lll ll l ll lll lll ll ll ll lll lll l llll ll ll l l llll lll lll lll ll lll l lllll l lll l l lll l lll l lll l l lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll lll ll ll ll l l ll lll l l l ll ll llll lll ll l lll l l llll l ll l l ll lll l ll ll l lll ll l ll ll lll lll llll ll lll l llll l l lll lll l lll ll ll lllll ll l ll lll llll lll l llllll ll ll lll ll ll l ll ll ll l ll llll l ll llll ll ll ll l ll lll l ll l l ll ll l l ll ll lll ll l ll lll ll l ll lllll ll lll lll l lll ll lll llll l llllll lll l l ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll l ll l ll l ll ll lll ll ll lll lll l ll l ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll lll lll l ll ll lll ll ll ll ll lll lll l l lll ll lll ll l lll l lll ll ll l ll lll lll lll l ll l l ll lllll llll ll ll ll lllll lll ll ll l lllll l ll l lll ll ll l lll lll lll l llll lll ll l lll ll l ll l ll lll lll l lll ll M gas ( M star + M gas ) EAGLE −12−11−10−9
Figure 9.
From top to bottom, µ -Z, µ -SFE, M bar -y eff , and t r -SSFR relations.EAGLE high resolution simulations corresponding to Recal-L025N0752 areshown in diamonds color coded as the variable in the inset color bar. Dark-gray dots show our main ALFALFA/SDSS sample within the completenesslimit, while light-gray dots show galaxies outside the completeness limit.The fits shown in solid lines for the 2nd and 4th panels, from top to bottom,correspond to Eq. 16, and 20, respectively.MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López [h]
Figure 10.
Effective yields as a function of baryonic mass for different EAGLE simulations: Recal-L025N0752, Ref-L050N0752, AGNdT9-L050N0752,NO-AGN-L050N0752 (from top to bottom, as indicated in the figure). The curves with error bars indicate the z = f gas = M gas /( M gas + M star ) , SFE, SSFR and stellar mean age (from left to right, as indicatedin the figure). All considered mass bins contain N bin (cid:62) (cid:54) N bin <
10) are marked with a circle. As a reference, the medianrelation associated to the whole sample of galaxies is shown with a black solid curve in each panel. Yields in this figure were derived by measuring metallicitiesinside an aperture of R Z =
30 kpc. See Appendix B, for an analysis of aperture effects. MNRAS000
30 kpc. See Appendix B, for an analysis of aperture effects. MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators AGN feedback. However, as mass increases, AGN feedback effectsseem to be stronger, leading to an anti-correlation between y eff and M bar at the high-mass end. Simulations run with the ‘Ref’ and‘AGN-dT9’ model, which include AGN feedback, predict such anti-correlation, while the ‘NO-AGN’ model, in which all BH processeswere turned off, predicts a correlation between y eff and M bar at highmasses. Moreover, the simulation ‘AGN-dT9’, which implements ahigher temperature increment associated to AGN heating ( ∆ T AGN = K), leads to a stronger decrease of y eff at high masses. Accordingto our results, systems more affected by AGN feedback are old andexhibit very low y eff , µ , SFE and SFR. Thus, AGN feedback seemsto have quenched their SF and chemical evolution. Only gas-richmergers or significant gas accretion events might lead to furtherevolution of such galaxies.Our findings for massive galaxies are consistent with previousresults by De Rossi et al. (2017). According to these authors, at agiven mass, SFR tends to decreases as ∆ T AGN increases becausethe less frequent but more energetic feedback events correspondingto a higher ∆ T AGN are more efficient at regulating SFR in mas-sive galaxies. In addition, at a given mass, a higher ∆ T AGN leadsto lower metallicity values. De Rossi et al. (2017) conclude thatthis behaviour seems to be driven by AGN feedback through threedifferent channels: the ejection of metal-enriched material, whichgenerates a net metal depletion in simulated galaxies; the heating ofgas remaining in galaxies, which quenches the SF activity and, thus,prevents further chemical enrichment from star formation; and, aminor role of net metal dilution after star formation is suppressedby AGNs. bar and y eff With the aim of characterizing the driver of the opposite trendsbetween low and high M bar galaxies, we analyze in more detail theM bar − y eff relation for different cuts in SFE, color coded by age,as shown in Fig 11. From top left to bottom right, all the blacklinear and polynomial fits from Fig. 11 are shown in Eq. 21, withits respective RMSE. The dashed lines in panels (d) and (e) showthe fit of Ekta for XMD galaxies (Eq. 19), while the vertical dashedlines in panels (d) and (e) show the inflection point (stellar massof the maximum value of the fitted function), in which the datachange from a correlation to an anti-correlation, log(M bar ) ∼ bar ) ∼ ( y eff ) = − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) for log ( SFE ) < − . , with RMSE = . ( y eff ) = − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) for − . < log ( SFE ) < − . , with RMSE = . ( y eff ) = − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) for − . < log ( SFE ) < − . , with RMSE = . ( y eff ) = . (± . ) − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) for − . < log ( SFE ) < − . , with RMSE = . ( y eff ) = . (± . ) − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) for − . < log ( SFE ) , with RMSE = .
14 (21) For comparison, we are including as well the EAGLE sim-ulation model ‘Recal’ in green lines, and ‘NO-AGN’ in orangedot-dashed lines. The simulations shown in each panel correspondto the closest SFE from the models. Panels (a) and (b), show thesimulation ‘Recal’ with log(SFE) in the range [-11.5 , -10.2], panel(c) in the range [-10.2 , -9.7], while panels (d) and (e) show the range[-9.7 , -8.62]. As for the ‘NO-AGN’ simulation, panels (a), (b), and(c) show log(SFE) in the range [-11.2 , -9.93], panel (d) shows therange [-9.93, -9.51], and panel (e) the range [-9.51, -8.12].From Fig. 11, panels (a) and (b) show a clear anti-correlationbetween M bar and y eff . Furthermore, galaxies with such lower valuesof SFE are dominated mostly by old galaxies. Both panels have amedian age of log(t r ) ∼ − . < log(SFE) < − . r ) ∼ bar ) <
10, that anti-correlates for higher baryonic masses.Galaxies with log(M bar ) >
10 are clearly older galaxies with medianlog(t r ) ∼ bar ) <
10 are young galaxies with median log(t r ) ∼ < -10.4), areolder, and show a clear anti-correlation between their oxygen yieldand baryonic mass. On the other hand, galaxies that are efficientat converting their mass into stars (e.g., log(SFE) > -9.8) show abi-modality that is separated by age, in which the yield increaseswith M bar for younger galaxies up to log(M bar ) <
10, and decreasesfor older galaxies for log(M bar ) > bar -y eff relation for differentcuts of age, color coded by their depletion time. All symbols aresimilar to the previous figure. As a comparison, we are showingas well the Recal and NO-AGN simulations in green and orangelines, respectively. Panel (c) shows the ‘Recal’ simulation for theage range of [9.19, 9.5] yr, panel (d) for [9.5, 9.67] yr, and panel (e)for [9.67,10], respectively. Unfortunately, the EAGLE simulationsdo not have a high enough resolution to appropriately describeyounger, low mass galaxies, for which panels (a) and (b) do notshow any simulations. On the other hand, the ‘NO-AGN’ modelfor an age range of [8.9, 9.78] is shown in panels (b), (c) and (d),while panel (e) shows the age range [9.78, 9.86]. Similarly to the‘Recal’ simulations, the resolution is not good enough to describe MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López [h] (a)(d) (b)(e) (c) -9.8 < log(SFE) < -9.5 -9.5 < log(SFE) log(SFE) < -10.4 -10.4 < log(SFE) < -10.1 -10.1 < log(SFE) < -9.8 log ( M bar ) [M ʘ ] l og ( Y e ff ) log ( t r ) [yr] Figure 11.
Baryonic mass as a function of effective oxygen yield divided in panels of SFE. Every panel is color coded by age using a common color scale shownin the bottom right panel. The black solid lines show the linear and 3rd order polynomial fit to each panel, respectively, with its respective equations given inEq. 21. The solid green lines correspond to the Recal-L025N0752 simulations of Fig. 10 for the same variables. The dot dashed orange lines correspond to theNo-AGN-L050N0752 models from the same figure. The dashed black line correspond to the relation of Ekta et al. for XMD galaxies (Eq. 19). Vertical dashedlines show the point of inflection log(M bar ) ∼ bar ) ∼ younger low mass galaxies. The fits to the observational data for theM bar -y eff relation in bins of age (Fig. 12) are listed below:log ( y eff ) = . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) − . (± . ) for log ( t r ) < . , with RMSE = . ( y eff ) = . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) − . (± . ) for 8 . < log ( t r ) < . , with RMSE = . ( y eff ) = . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) − . (± . ) for 9 . < log ( t r ) < . RMSE = . ( y eff ) = − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) for 9 . < log ( t r ) < . RMSE = . ( y eff ) = − . (± . ) × log ( M bar ) + . (± . ) for 9 . < log ( t r ) with RMSE = .
21 (22)In Fig. 12, the stellar age provides a clear separation betweenthe correlation and anti-correlations of the M bar -y eff relation. Forgalaxies with a log(t r ) < eff decreases as M bar increases. Furthermore, the depletion times increase with age, with a median log(t r ) of 9.6, 9.8,9.9, 9.97, and 10.1 for panels (a) to (e), respectively. The ‘Recal’simulation (green line) for the panel (e) agrees quite well with theobservations. Again, the model for ‘NO-AGN’ shows how the M bar -y eff relation would continue to increase when no AGN is present intheir history. The mass of a galaxy is critical for the fate of its evolution. Starsin more massive galaxies tend to have formed earlier and overshorter timescales; contrary to stars in low mass galaxies, whichformed later and on longer timescales. Recently, the interest in thiswell established observational result has grown, and its implicationshave been more and more appreciated. This downsizing effect (e.g.,Thomas et al. 2005; Noeske et al. 2007; Fontanot 2009) is still amatter of several studies. Indeed, a downsizing effect is invoked toexplain the differences between opposite mass population of galax-ies, however, its nature and physical explanation still remains unclear(e.g., Neistein 2006).Several authors have explored the properties of galaxies ofopposite masses, for instance, Kauffmann et al. (2003c) show thatlow-redshift galaxies divide into two distinct families at a stellarmass of 3 × M (cid:12) . Lower-mass galaxies have young stellarpopulations and low surface mass densities. A significant fractionof them have experienced recent starbursts, and the efficiency of theconversion of baryons into stars in low-mass galaxies increases in MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators [h] (a)(d) (b)(e) (c) log ( M bar ) [M ʘ ] l og ( Y e ff ) log ( t dep ) [yr] Figure 12.
Baryonic mass as a function of effective oxygen yield divided in panels of age. Every panel is color coded with log(t dep ) using a common colorscale shown in the bottom right panel. The black solid lines show the linear fit to each panel, with its respective equations given in Eq. 22. The solid greenlines correspond to the Recal-L025N0752 simulations of Fig. 10 for the same variables. The dot dashed orange lines correspond to the No-AGN-L050N0752models from the same figure. The dashed black line correspond to the relation of Ekta et al. for XMD galaxies (Eq. 19). proportion to halo mass, perhaps as a result of supernova feedbackprocesses. At stellar masses above 3 × M (cid:12) , there is a rapidlyincreasing fraction of galaxies with old stellar populations, highsurface mass densities and the high concentrations typical of bulges.They suggest that the star formation efficiency decreases in thehighest–mass haloes, and that little star formation occurs in massivegalaxies after they have assembled.Furthermore, by analyzing the HI and H2 content in galaxies,Saintonge et al. (2011) found that for high mass galaxies, the molec-ular and atomic gas depletion timescales are comparable, but in lowmass galaxies, molecular gas is being consumed much more quicklythan atomic gas. Furthermore, scaling relations such as the M-SSFR(e.g., Noeske et al. 2007) clearly show that low mass galaxies areactively forming stars at a higher rate than massive galaxies per unitmass.In is worth nothing that in comparison with previous works thatdivide galaxies in two distinct families based on their stellar mass,we find that the stellar age is a more clear divider in the propertiesof galaxies.Most of the scaling relations analyzed in this paper showsmooth relations or anticorrelations, with RMSE values around0.22 (M bar -E(B-V) gas , Fig. 6 ), RMSE = 0.29 (t r -SSFR, Fig. 8),and RMSE > 0.3 (e.g., M star -SFE, Fig. 5). On the other hand, theM bar -y eff relationships (Fig. 12) shows a clear bi-modal behaviorwhen galaxies are separated by ( i ) stellar age, with RMSE valuesgoing from 0.21 to 0.23, and ( ii ) by SFE (Fig. 11) , with RMSEvalues from 0.14 to 0.25.Fig. 12 offers a clear picture of how galaxies are evolving.For one hand, young galaxies show faster depletion times, and a clear correlation between M bar and y eff . This behavior hasalso been observed by several authors, for instance, Thuan et al.(2016) analyzed as well the M bar -y eff relation for BCD galaxies,finding a very similar result (see Fig. 13 of their paper), wherethere is a correlation for log(M bar ) <
10 M (cid:12) , which disappears athigher M bar , although suggesting a possible anti-correlation forhigher masses that is not clear due to a low statistic. Similarly,other authors have analyzed this relation for low mass/metallicitygalaxies, showing a very similar correlation (e.g., Garnett et al.2002; Ekta & Chengalur 2010).Among the possible explanations of why the effective yieldincreases with baryonic mass, it has been argued by Garnett et al.(2002), Tremonti et al. (2004) and Silich & Tenorio-Tagle (2001),that the presence of galactic winds remove metals more efficientlyfrom the shallower potential wells of low mass galaxies. SánchezAlmeida et al. (2014, 2015) have argued that low metallicities inXMD galaxies are an indicator of infall of pristine gas, a process thatwould increase the effective yield in low-mass galaxies. Similarly,Ekta & Chengalur (2010) propose that the mechanism responsiblefor the metal deficiency of XMD galaxies, is a better mixing inthe ISM, where low-metallicity gas from large galactocentric radiidilutes the central, metal-rich gas (see also Peeples et al. 2009;Kewley et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2004). Furthermore, recently Belfioreet al. (2019) found that the inferred outflow loading factor decreaseswith stellar mass. It is likely that a combination of all of them to adifferent degree will explain the observed increase of the effectiveyield with baryonic mass we observe. We reiterate that for our
MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López sample, we recover a clean correlation between M bar and y eff onlywhen young galaxies are selected, as shown in Fig. 12(a).On the other hand, older galaxies show longer depletion times,and a clear anti-correlation between M bar and y eff . EAGLE simu-lations indicate that black hole feedback is important for massivegalaxies (M bar > M (cid:12) ), and a crucial effect to take into accountto produce the mentioned anti-correlation. Without black hole feed-back in the history of these massive galaxies, today their effectiveyield would be way higher than the one observed, as shown in Fig12 (d) & (e). AGN feedback would have quenched the star formationand metallicity in old, massive galaxies, which is consistent withthe observed low y eff , SFE, SSFR, and gas fractions. Again, thestellar age, and not just M bar is crucial, since young galaxies withM bar > still show a correlation between M bar and y eff . Anothermechanism at play is the AGN gas heating, as mentioned in Sect4.3, by increasing ∆ T AGN to 10 K, a stronger decrement in the y eff is produced. On top of the AGN feedback effect, the depletion timesfor older galaxies tend to be longer compared to low-mass galaxies.The effect of an active AGNs in the history of current SFgalaxies has been recently studied by Matthee & Schaye (2019)using EAGLE simulations, finding that at masses M star > M sun , the residuals in the M-SFR relation are anticorrelated withthe relative efficiency of past Black Hole growth, which is a proxyof the accumulated AGN feedback energy.Additionally, another possible effect to bear in mind was ex-plored by Vincenzo et al. (2016), who find that high values of theeffective yield may be indicative of an IMF favouring massive stars(Kroupa 2001; Chabrier 2003), and/or a high mass cutoff of theIMF itself.It is important to keep in mind the various systematic effectsthat could bias our results. For example, the 3" diameter optical fiberused to take the SDSS spectra could bias our estimated metallicityby providing only information of the central part for large angularsize galaxies. However, the EAGLE simulations show a very goodagreement with our observed metallicity, for which this effect isprobably not introducing a strong systematic bias. In this sense,De Rossi et al. (2017, see their Appendix A) show that apertureeffects does not affect the main trends found for metallicity scalingrelations in EAGLE simulations. However, changes in the aperturecan generate moderate variations of the slope and normalization ofthose relations, for a more detailed discussion, refer to Appendix B.Additionally, Iglesias-Páramo, et al. (2016) analyzed aperturecorrections to a sample of SDSS galaxies. They find that for theredshift range 0.02 < z < star / M (cid:12) ): 8.5 − − − − − star / M (cid:12) ) < ap = 30 kpc) and hydrogen mass (R ap = 70 kpc, Sec. 4.1). Furthermore,we have performed additional tests adopting the same aperture (30kpc and 70 kpc) when estimating the latter simulated quantities,obtaining similar general trends to those reported here for the M bar – y eff relation, with only moderate changes in the slope and zero- point (see Appendix B ). In this context, it is also worth emphasizingthat De Rossi et al. (2017, see their figure 7) were able to reproducethe observed anti-correlation between y eff and M bar at high massesby measuring these properties within 30 kpc and considering onlythe total gas mass associated to the star-forming component ofthe ISM. Finally, in Appendix B, we performed several tests, re-calculating properties for EAGLE galaxies using different apertures.Such results suggest that the very general trends reported here arerobust against aperture effects: 1. There is a correlation between M bar and y eff at low masses. 2. There is an anti-correlation between M bar and y eff at high masses. 3. At a fix mass, y eff shows secondarydependencies on gas fraction, SFE, SSFR and age.In order to quantify the extent of the circumgalactic medium(CGM) and the fiber effect of the SDSS spectra, we consider anapproach to measure the fraction of the protocloud originally in-volved in the chemical evolution of the galaxy. By considering aninside-out scenario for galaxy formation (e.g., Perez et al. 2013),we can do a rough estimate of the original protocloud assuming aclosed-box model. First, we use Eq. 1 to estimate the gas fraction ofthe protocloud involved in the chemical evolution assuming a y true ∼ gas_p ). We define the baryonic mass fraction ofthe protocloud involved in he chemical evolution as: µ p = ( M gas + M star ) / ( M gas_p + M star ) (23)In Fig. 13 we show µ p as a function of the stellar mass andgas metallicity. It is well known that galaxies show a gradient ingas metallicity from the center to the outskirts of galaxies. Thetypical value of the radial abundance gradient is ∼ i ) the observed metallicity(Fig. 13, green contours), and ( ii ) for 12+log(O/H) − ∼ µ p increases with stellar mass. Thisapproximation supports the idea that low mass galaxies have a gasrich CGM. On the other hand, galaxies on the right hand side ofthe dashed line in Fig. 13, show galaxies with a deficit of baryonicmaterial. The most likely scenario is that galaxies located here havesuffer from removal of gas due to processes such as ram pressurestripping. Therefore, environmental effects must play a major rolehere. In fact, ∼
82% of galaxies from the Virgo cluster are system-atically located here.
In this paper we have combined Optical and Radio data from theSDSS and ALFALFA surveys to create a statistical significant sam-ple. Moreover, we have used additional data from the Radio surveysGASS, COLD GASS, and a sample from the Virgo survey with
MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators [h] EAGLEVIRGO ( M star + M gas_p ) ( M star + M gas ) l og ( M s t a r M s un ) EAGLEVIRGO ( M star + M gas_p ) ( M star + M gas ) + l og ( O H ) Figure 13.
Mass fraction of the protocloud estimated as in Eq. 23 vs. stellar mass (left), and gas metallicity (right). Green contours show the protocloudestimations using the measured metallicity, while black contours show the upper limit 12+log(O/H) - 0.2, assuming a typical gradient of ∼ Optical and Radio information. Through this paper we focused onlyon star forming galaxies selected with the BPT diagram. Also, weapplied a completeness limit criteria to build a robust and reliablesample of galaxies. We analyzed scaling relations between severalOptical (e.g., SFR, gas metallicity), and combined Optical/Radio(e.g., y eff , SFE, t dep , M bar ) properties of galaxies. Additionally, wehave compared our results with those of the EAGLE simulations. Asummary of our findings is listed here: • We find that ∼
98% of our SF sample has higher y eff thanthe closed-box model prediction of log( y )= − .
57 (Pilyugin et al.2004). • Scaling relations with gas fraction show a smooth incrementwith SSFR, and an anti-correlation with SFE. This suggests thatgalaxies with high gas fractions, are producing a high amount ofstars per unit of stellar mass, although are less efficient at trans-forming mass into stars in comparison with galaxies with low gasfractions. • The SFE relationships with M star and M bar -SFE are very differ-ent. While the SFE increases linearly with M star , the SFE suggestsa bimodality with M bar (within the high dispersion), where galaxieswith low M bar show a higher SFE that decreases as M bar increases,while galaxies with a high M bar show a high dispersion. • We use the color excess E(B-V) gas as indicative of extinction,finding a smooth increasing relation when log(M bar ) > bar , this relation seems to flatten at E(B-V) gas ∼ • We analyzed the effective oxygen yields finding a bimodaldistribution with M bar , suggesting a relation between them whenlog(M bar ) (cid:46)
10, in good agreement with the XMD galaxies from(Ekta & Chengalur 2010). For higher values of M bar , our datasuggest an anti-correlation. • To gain a deeper understanding of our observational re-sults, we use a set of four different EAGLE simulations: Recal-L025N0752, Ref-L050N0752, AGNdT9-L050N0752, and NO-AGN-L050N0752. We compare directly the results of the Recal-L025N0752 simulation with our scaling relations, finding an ex-cellent agreement. Indeed, we were able to even reproduce the bi-modality observed in the M bar -y eff relation. • To obtain a better interpretation of the SFE behavior for galax-ies of different masses, we analyzed the M bar -y eff relations in binsof SFE. We find that the SFE do not offer a clear bimodality ofthis relation. Indeed, for low SFE, galaxies are predominantly old, and there is an anti-correlation between M bar -y eff . However, galax-ies with a high SFE (log(SFE) > − . bar ) <
10, and an anti-correlation for higher masses. Acomparison with the EAGLE simulations Recal shows a very goodagreement. The model NO-AGN, in which AGN feedback is sup-pressed, is not able to reproduce the drop in y eff observed for thehigher SFE bins. Therefore, the inclusion of AGN feedback is veryimportant to reproduce the observations. • We analyzed in more detail the M bar -y eff relationship for asubsample of galaxies with direct measurements of stellar age. Wefind that this relationship, with an apparent high dispersion, can beseparated in clean correlations and anti-correlations when bins ofstellar age are taken. For young galaxies, the y eff increases withM bar , furthermore, XMD galaxies from Ekta & Chengalur (2010)are in good agreement with this sub-sample. As the bins in stellarage increase, the M bar -y eff relation starts to flatten until it becomesan anti-correaltion for log(t r ) > 9.4 yr. The ‘Recal’ simulation pre-dicts the correlations and anti-correlation observed in this relation.Furthermore, the simulations predict that young, low mass systemsare not significantly affected by AGN feedback. However, as age andbaryonic mass increase, AGN feedback effects seem to be stronger,leading to an anti-correlation. Furthermore, the ‘NO-AGN’ model,predicts a correlation between the same variables. • By using a rough estimation of the original protocloud ofthe galaxy, we find that low mass galaxies have a gas rich CGM.Furthermore, the CGM decreases as galaxies convert gas into stars,thus increasing their stellar mass. We find that the baryonic mass ofthe protocloud can be used to identify galaxies that have experiencedintense loss of baryonic material. • Among the possible reasons of why the effective yield changes,it is likely that several mechanisms are playing a role, and that theirdegree of impact depend strongly on the age and baryonic mass thegalaxies.– For young galaxies with predominantly low M bar , it hasbeen argued that the presence of galactic winds would removemetals more efficiently from the shallower potential wells of lowmass galaxies, which would result in a higher y eff . Furthermore,infall of pristine gas would increase the effective yield as well. Acombination of both processes it is likely to produce a correlationbetween y eff and M bar . Additionally, this tendency is stronger MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López for young galaxies, which also show faster depletion times.– For old galaxies, predominantly with log(M bar ) (cid:38)
10 M (cid:12) ,the most important mechanism at play is likely to be a past AGNfeedback effect, which would have quenched the SFR and chem-ical evolution of the galaxy. In this case, only gas-rich mergers orsignificant gas accretion events might lead to further evolution.The EAGLE simulation Recal is able to reproduce the observedanti-correlation between y eff and M bar , also, the NO-AGN modelis not able to reproduce this anti-correlation. Furthermore, theEAGLE simulation AGNdT9, which implements a higher tem-perature increment associated to AGN heating ( ∆ T AGN = K),leads to a stronger decrease of y eff at higher M bar . Therefore,different AGN heating temperatures could be affecting and de-creasing the y eff in different degrees. • Placing our results in the downsizing scenario, young galaxiesshow predominantly low masses (although can extend up to M bar ∼ . M (cid:12) ), show faster depletion times, and do not seem to havebeen affected by an active AGN in their history. On the other hand,older galaxies are predominantly massive (M bar > M (cid:12) ), showon average longer depletion times, and AGN feedback must haveplayed an important role in their history by quenching their starformation rate. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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Comparison between different SFRs and metallicities. Left: Thehistograms show the difference between MaNGA and Brinchmann et al.(2004) SFRs (blue), and MaNGA and Duarte Puertas et al. (2017) (red),for 25 common sources between the three catalogs. Right: The blue his-togram shows the difference between integrated IFU MaNGA and 3 " fiberSDSS/ALFALFA gas metallicities estimated in this work for 59 commonsources
APPENDIX A: COMPARISON OF SFRs AND GASMETALLICITIES WITH OTHER DATABASES
With the aim of identify possible biases affecting our SFRs, in thissection we perform a comparison between the SFRs used in thispaper by Brinchmann et al. (2004), the SFR estimated by DuartePuertas et al. (2017) using correction prescribed from IFU data,and direct integrated IFU MaNGA-DR14 SFRs estimated by us. Wefind 59 MANGA-SDSS/ALFALFA counterparts, and 25 commoncounterparts in the 3 catalogs.In Fig A1 left, we present a histogram of the log(SFR) differ-ence between MaNGA and Brinchmann et al. (2004) in blue, andMaNGA and Duarte Puertas et al. (2017) in red for the 25 galax-ies in common in the 3 catalogs. The mean difference between theintegrated log(SFR) of MaNGA and Brinchmann et al. (2004) is ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ APPENDIX B: SIMULATED DATA USING DIFFERENTAPERTURES
In this section, we present results from EAGLE simulations consid-ering different apertures when estimating galaxy properties.In Fig. B1, all properties were calculated similarly to thoseshown in the top panel of Fig. 10, with the only exception of metal-licities, which were evaluated at different apertures R Z , as shownin the different panels. We consider a minimum R Z of ≈ .
75 kpc,which is close to the smallest apertures associated to metallicityestimates for the SDSS sample. We see that a decrease of R Z gen-erates a slight variation in the shape of the M bar − y eff relation anda moderate increase of effective yields ( (cid:46) . M bar − y eff relation are preservedwhen varying R Z : there is a correlation at the low-mass end and MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López an aticorrelation at the high-mass end. Also, at a fix mass, the sec-ondary dependences of y eff on gas fraction, SFE, SSFR and t r arestill present at small R Z .In Fig. B2, we show results from EAGLE simulations whenevaluating all galaxy properties at the same fix aperture of 30 kpc(top panel) and 70 kpc (bottom panel). When comparing with Fig.10 (top panels), we see that the main trends of the relationships arepreserved, although variations in the slope and normalization arepresent. The most significant variations are obtained when measur-ing all properties at (cid:46)
30 kpc because of the decrease of the totalgas mass with respect to our default value for this quantity, whichwas measured at (cid:46)
70 kpc. On the other hand, not very significantchanges with respect to Fig. 10 are obtained when evaluating allquantities at (cid:46)
70 kpc. This is a consequence of the fact that thesimulated stellar component and star-forming gas-phase (used toestimate metallicities) tend to be located in the central regions ofgalaxies ( (cid:46)
30 kpc).We conclude that our main findings are robust against apertureeffects.
This paper has been typeset from a TEX/L A TEX file prepared by the author. MNRAS000
This paper has been typeset from a TEX/L A TEX file prepared by the author. MNRAS000 , 1–19 (2019) xygen yields as feedback indicators Figure B1.
Effective yields as a function of baryonic mass for the EAGLE simulation Recal-L025N0752. Metallicities here have been estimated using differentfix apertures R Z (see title of each panel), while all other properties were calculated using similar apertures to those used in Fig. 10 (top panel). Note that, forFig. 10, R Z =
30 kpc.MNRAS , 1–19 (2019) Maritza A. Lara-López
Figure B2.
Effective yields as a function of baryonic mass for the EAGLE simulation Recal-L025N0752. In contrast with Fig. 10 (top panel), in the top panelhere, all properties have been estimated using a fix aperture of 30 kpc. In the bottom panel, all properties were estimated using a fix aperture of 70 kpc, with theonly exception of the age ( t r ). The luminosity-weighted age t r was estimated using an aperture of 30 kpc as the EAGLE database does not provide luminositiesat larger apertures. MNRAS000