Phenotypic Performance of Kambro Crossbreeds of Female Broiler Cobb 500 and Male Pelung Blirik Hitam
BBuletin Veteriner Udayana Volume 11 No. 2: 188-202 pISSN: 2085-2495; eISSN: 2477-2712 Agustus 2019 Online pada: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i02.p12 Terakreditasi Nasional Peringkat 3, DJPRP Kementerian Ristekdikti No. 21/E/KPT/2018, Tanggal 9 Juli 2018
Phenotypic Performance of
Kambro
Crossbreeds of Female Broiler Cobb 500 and Male
Pelung Blirik Hitam (PERFORMA FENOTIPIK KAMBRO HASIL PERSILANGAN ANTARA BETINA BROILER COBB 500 DAN JANTAN PELUNG BLIRIK HITAM)
I Wayan Swarautama Mahardhika*, Budi Setiadi Daryono
Gama Ayam Research Team, Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sinduadi, Mlati, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281. *Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to measure the phenotypic performance of
Kambro crossbreeds of
Pelung Blirik Hitam and Broiler Cobb 500. Based on Body Weight (BT) measurement,
Kambro population (n = 17) has an average BT of 1,244.14 ± 453.82 grams significant (p <0.01) to F Pelung (n = 7) with an average BT of 602.88 ± 79.93 grams in 8 weeks period with ad libitum diet of standard feed. Phenotypic performance of
Kambro significant to F Pelung based on the measurement of linear body weight parameter, vitality parameter, PPa-PBe parameter and phenotype parameter.
Kambro has the phenotype combination of parental generation based on phenotype parameter. PPa parameter was suitable BT estimation model based on non-linear quadratic regression (r = 0.956) with formula 1.84E3 ±3.54E2*x+31.73*x . Difference between chicken group (p<0.014) was significant to BT and interaction between group and linear body weight parameter was not significant based on Analysis of Covariance . Mortality rate of
Kambro was lower than F Pelung with the absent of vaccination in semi-intensive rearing system. As the size of hybrids population was limited, research findings must be validated with larger population size of hybrids. Keywords: Broiler Cobb 500; grandparent stock;
Kambro ; Pelung Blirik Hitam ; selective breeding.
ABSTRAK
Riset ini diadakan dengan tujuan mengukur performa fenotipik Kambro hasil persilangan antara Pelung Blirik Hitam dan Broiler Cobb 500. Berdasarkan pengukuran Bobot Tubuh (BT), rerata BT Kambro (n = 17) mencapai 1.244,14 ± 453,82 gram signifikan (p<0,001) terhadap F Pelung (n = 7) dengan rerata BT 602,88 ± 79,93 gram pada umur 8 minggu dengan diet pakan standar ad libitum. Performa fenotipik Kambro signifikan terhadap F Pelung berdasarkan parameter bobot tubuh linear, parameter vitalitas, parameter PPa-PBe dan parameter fenotipe. Kambro memiliki perpaduan fenotip indukannya berdasarkan parameter fenotipe. Parameter PPa merupakan model estimasi BT Kambro berdasarkan regresi non-linear quadratic (r = 0,956) dengan formula 1.84E3 ± 3.54E2*x+31.73*x . Perbedaan grup antar grup signifikan (p<0,014) terhadap BT dan tidak terdapat interaksi antara grup dan parameter bobot tubuh linear berdasarkan analisis kovarian. Tingkat mortalitas Kambro lebih rendah dibandingkan F Pelung tanpa vaksinasi dengan sistem pemeliharaan semi-intensif. Sebagai akibat dari ukuran populasi hibrida terbatas, temuan riset harus divalidasi dengan ukuran populasi hibrida lebih besar. Kata kunci: Broiler Cobb 500; grandparent stock ; Kambro; Pelung Blirik Hitam; persilangan selektif.
INTRODUCTION
Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian (2015) stated that chicken meat consumption rate of 2014 reached 4.48 kg/capita/year (total consumption of broiler chicken, post-laying layer chicken and male layer also native chicken). Chicken poultry sector contributed around 60.73% of the demand on animal consumption needs fulfillment (Suprijatna, 2010). Ditjen PKH (2017) showed that native chicken production nationally reached 8.50 % or uletin Veteriner Udayana Mahardhika et al. et al., et al.,
Kampung chickens or native (non-breed chickens) to differentiate commercial breed such as Cobb, Hubbar, Hybro, Isa Hyline and Hisex (Henuk and Bakti, 2018). Identification of native chicken germplasm resulted in 34 breeds of chicken consist of
Ayunai, Balenggek, Banten, Bangkok, Burgo, Bekisar, Cangehgar, Cemani, Ciparage, Gaok, Jepun, Kampung, Kasintu, Kedu (hitam and putih), Pelung, Lamba, Maleo, Melayu, Merawang, Nagrak, Nunukan, Nusa Penida, Olagan, Rintit atau Walik, Sedayu, Sentul, Siem, Sumatera, Tolaki, Tukung, Wareng, Sabu, and
Semau (Henuk and Bakti, 2018). Approximately 11 native chicken breeds are categorized as candidates of broiler-type and laying-type chicken (Henuk and Bakti, 2018). Native Indonesia chickens have to be maintained optimally in order to support small scale poultry industry based on native chickens. Native Indonesia chickens germplasm can be the solution for fulfilling the increasingly domestic food consumption demand (Daryono et al., et al . (2018) stated that agribusiness problem in subsystem of broiler chicken poultry is economy efficiency in poultry level added by high cost production inflicted by dependence on imported raw-material of feed. Improvement of efficiency and poultry product quality are decided by supply of superior chicken breed, feed demand fulfillment and good rearing management system (Anggitasari et al., et al., et al.,
Pelung Blirik Hitam has several distinguished characters such as posture and body weight compare with othher native breeds (Daryono et al ., 2010). Body weight of male
Pelung chicken can reach 3.37 kg and female can reach 2.52 kg (Daryono et al ., 2010). Broiler Cobb 500 has distinguished productivity and high growing rate in grower phase (7 to 18 weeks). Male and female Broiler Cobb 500 can reach 1,599.17 grams and 1,540.46 gram (Hassan et al. , 2016). This research is aimed to measure the phenotypic performance of hybrid chicken
Kambro based on research conducted by Tamzil et al . (2018) to
Cairina moschata and Daryono et al . (2010) to hybrids from crossbreeds of
Pelung with
Cemani with several addition and adaptation of measurement parameters. Measurement parameters used in this research are estimation model of body weight, body weight growth, linear body weight uletin Veteriner Udayana Volume 11 No. 2: 188-202 pISSN: 2085-2495; eISSN: 2477-2712 Agustus 2019 Online pada: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i02.p12 parameter, mortality rate, phenotypes and vitality parameter. Empowerment of native Indonesia chicken can contribute to availibility of food source and support native Indonesia chicken germplasm conservation (Suprijatna, 2010; Sudrajat and Isyanto, 2018).
RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted in Pusat Inovasi Agroteknologi (PIAT), Desa Kali Tirto, Berbah, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta using 4 females Broiler Cobb 500 and 1 male
Pelung Blirik Hitam , 1 female
Pelung Blirik Hitam , 7 F Pelung chickens, 22 Broiler Cobb 500 chickens and 17
Kambro (F Broiler) chickens. F Pelung was produced from crossbreeds of
Pelung Blirik Hitam native to Cianjur, West Java (Fig. 1B). Broiler Cobb 500 was produced by rearing of Day Old Chicken (DOC) Broiler Cobb 500 from Pokphand Indonesia.
Kambro (F Broiler) was produced from crossbreeds of 4 female Broiler Cobb 500 aged 6 months with a male
Pelung Blirik Hitam (Fig. 1A). Parental crossbreeding was conducted in broodshed (8 m ) owned by Gama Ayam Research Team. Standard feeds produced by PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, AD II (brood/juvenile, 9-22 week) and BR-1 (starter, 0-22 day) with ad libitum dietary. Supplemental vitamin Egg Stimulant® and
TetraChlor® produce by Medion was needed to improve immunity and brood productivity. Egg collection from each crossbreed was hatched using incubator. Day Old Chicken (DOC) was reared intensively in bamboo pens insulated by plywood and equipped with incandescent lamps (15 watts). Chicken aged 4 week then transferred into larger shed with semi-intensive rearing system (8 m ). Grouping of each chicken based on its crossbreeding as follow DOC F Pelung (group I), DOC Broiler
Cobb 500 (group II) and DOC
Kambro (group III). Body weight growth of DOC Broiler,
DOC F Pelung and DOC
Kambro was measured per week with digital scale
KrisChef EK9350H with 0.01 gram accuracy until chicken reach 8-weeks-old. Zoometrical measurement was measured with metline based on morphological guidance of chicken sceletal (Supplemental Files , adapted with modification and addition from Daryono et al ., 2010) . TA was measured from the digit/hallux to the tip of the comb 2.
TB was measured from the digit/hallux to the end of the distal vertebrae 3.
LP was measured from articular to dexter 4.
PP was measured from the base of the angular process to the end of the mandibular symphysis 5.
PK was measured from the supraorbital bone to premaxilla 6.
LK was measured from quadratojugal sinister to dexter 7.
TJ was measured from the highest tip of the comb to the base of the comb 8.
PJ was measured from the back to the front of the comb 9.
PB was measured from the tip of the first thoracic vertebra to the base of the pygostyle 10.
LB was measured from the base of the femoral bone to dexter 11.
LD was measured from the sternal of the keel in a circle 12.
PPu was measured from the thoracic vertebrae to the caudal vertebrae end 13.
PS was measured from the base of the humerus to the end of the carpus 14.
PL was measured from the base of the atlas to the tip of the thoracic vertebrae 15.
PBe was measured from the tip of the femur to the base of the tibiotarsus 16.
PPa was measured from the end of the patella to the base of the femur Linear body weight parameter consists of TA (chicken height), TB (body height), PB (body length), LB (body width), PPu (dorsal length), PL (neck length), PS (wingspan) amd LD (chest circumference). Vitality parameter consists of TJ (comb height), PJ (comb length), PK (head length), LK (head width), PP (beak length) and LP (beak width). Qualitative phenotype uletin Veteriner Udayana Mahardhika et al. parameter including neck feather colour, dorsal/ back feather colour, chest feather colour, body feather colour, femoral feather colour, shank colour, comb colour, comb shape and beak colour. Phenotype parameter of hybrid is identified as visual data with black background photo. Weekly data record consists of body weight growth (BT) and femur-tibia length (PPa-PBe). Data is analyzed with correlation, regression, one way anova and independent sample t-test using IBM © SPSS © Statistics version
21. Independent sample t-test can be used to compare average body weight, body growth, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality rate between two chicken populations (Darwati et al., (ANCOVA). Phenotype parameter is analyzed with visual observation scoring method based on photo.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Crossbreeds of female Broiler Cobb 500 with male
Pelung Blirik Hitam produced 18 hybrids named
Kambro consisted of 9 males
Kambro and 9 females
Kambro (Fig. 1A ). Crossbreeds of female
Pelung Blirik Hitam with male
Pelung Blirik Hitam produced 22 F Pelung chickens (Fig. 1B ). Day Old Chicken (DOC) of control populations consist of F Pelung and Broiler Cobb 500 each with 22 chickens. Mortality rate of group III (
Kambro ), group II (Broiler Cobb 500) and group I (F Pelung ) subsequently are 5.5%, 0% and 68.2%. Mortality rate of group I is higher than group III and II. Earliest record of death was in group I at 2-weeks-old meanwhile in group III at 6-weeks-old. Most probable cause of death in group I and group III caused by infection of infectious coryza (snot) through daily observation. Infectious coryza (snot) disease is caused by gram-negative bacteria
Haemophilus paragallinarum with symptom of rapid infection and high morbidity, declining in egg production, oculonasal conjunctivitis , face swelling and conjuncivital sac exudation (Ali et al., Pelung Blirik Hitam ; B: female
Pelung Blirik Hitam and male
Pelung Blirik Hitam ) and Filial I (A.1: male
Kambro ; A.2: female
Kambro ; B.1: male F Pelung ; B.2: female F Pelung ) (Personal Documentation, 2017) The absence of vaccination was a treatment to assess immunity of each chicken groups. Data of mortality from each groups lead to a conclusion that immunity resistance of group III was higher than group I. High mortality rate can be caused by the absence of vaccination in group I and III. Group II had been vaccinated since hatch by DOC producer.
Kampung chicken has distinguished immunity resistance better than other native tropical broiler-type breed and highest expression of antivirus gene
Mx+ (Diwyanto and Prijono, 2007; Nuroso, 2010; Kartika et al.,
Kambro has higher immunity resistance indicates improvement of genetic quality of native chicken through crossbreed and semi-intensive rearing system supported by uletin Veteriner Udayana Volume 11 No. 2: 188-202 pISSN: 2085-2495; eISSN: 2477-2712 Agustus 2019 Online pada: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i02.p12 several management and environmental factors. Egg collection and hatching of
Kambro was 10 until 20 eggs per week during 6 months period (December 2017 until May 2018). Egg productivity rate was low at 20 until 22 eggs on peak of Broiler Cobb 500 laying cycle. Female Broiler Cobb 500 (±6 months) hatchability only reach 25% per hatching period. Several factors were influencing the fluctuation of
Kambro’s egg productivity including nutrition, stress level, sperm fertility and egg fertility. Laying broiler productivity reaches its peak of laying cycle at the age of 23 weeks (± 6 months) (Rahman et al., et al. (2016) stated that egg weight and hatchability can be influenced by female aging, declining hatchability of eggs reach 15% in female broiler at 30-weeks-old with egg weight less than 60 grams. Main factor that influenced the fluctuation of egg productivity can be caused by ad libitum standard feed dietary.
Rahman et al . (2015) stated that ad libitum dietary can decrease egg productivity, minimizing egg hatchability and increasing mortality rate. Feed diet restriction must be implemented to limiting body weight growth, maximizing egg production and increase the female Broiler Cobb 500 fertility (Rahman et al., = = = (Supplemental File 3, Table 2). PPa of group III (M = 8.92, SD = 1.08) is significant to group I (M = 6.79, SD = 1.03), t (22) = 4.446, p<.001). PPa of group III (M = 8.92, SD = 1.08) is significant to group II (M = 6.79, SD = 1.03), t (37) = 10.62, p<.001). PBe of group III (M = 8.92, SD = 1.08) is significant to group I (M = 6.79, SD = 1.03), t (22) = 5.956, p<0.01). PBe of group III (M = 8.92, SD = 1.08) is significant to group I (M = 6.79, SD =1.03), t (37) = 2.139, p<0.05). BT of group III (M = 8.92, SD = 1.08) is significant to group I (M = 6.79, SD = 1.03), t (21,66) = 9.88, p<0.01). Variance test with Levene’s test of BT group III-I indicates a dissimilarity (F = 11.11, p = uletin Veteriner Udayana Mahardhika et al. (A) (B) Figure 2. (A) Mean of PPa, PBe and linear body weight parameters of group I, II and III in 8 weeks; (B) The mean parameters of the chicken group I, II and III vitality and phenotype in 8 weeks. The standard deviation is denoted by T-bar. In graph A each parameter is symbolized by arrangement: TA ; TB ; PB ; LB ; LD ; PPu ; PS ; PL ; PBe ; PPa . In graph B each parameter is symbolized by arrangement: LP ; PP ; PK ; LK ; TJ ; PJ uletin Veteriner Udayana Volume 11 No. 2: 188-202 pISSN: 2085-2495; eISSN: 2477-2712 Agustus 2019 Online pada: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i02.p12 Table 1. Analysis of One Way Anova PPa, PBe and BT Chicken Groups I, II and III at 8-weeks
Parameters Chicken Groups F η2 I (n = 7) II (n = 22) III (n =17) PPa (cm) 6.79a (1.03) 5.69b (0.82) 8.92ab (1.08) 55.09 *** *** ***
PPa = Femur Length PBe = Tibia Length BT = Body Weight * = p <0.05; *** = p <0.01. The standard deviation is listed below the mean. The averages with different subscripts in the same column differ significantly (p<0.05) based on Fisher's LSD post hoc.
Average Body Weight (BT) of
Kambro at 8-weeks-old can be compared with other similar crossbreed. Crossbreeding of
Sentul chicken reached average body weight of 896.34 ± 55.46 grams (male
Sentul ) and 736.00 ± 46.63 grams (female Sentul) during 75 days period (Solikin et al ., 2016; Sudrajat and Isyanto, 2018). Mariandayani et al . (2013) stated data about several body weight of native chicken at 8-weeks-old which including
Pelung (male 458.23 grams and female 420.11 grams),
Sentul (male 406.36 grams and female 355.98 grams),
Kampung (male 411.56 grams and female 358.74 grams). From this comparisons can be concluded that
Kambro can reach higher BT than othher native chicken breeds. Hasyim (2015) stated that hybrids chicken crossbreeds of
Kampung and Broiler at 12-weeks-old can reach 2,335 grams (male) dan 1,833 grams (female).
Kambro body weight growth in the 8 weeks of age has not reach inflection point whereas
Kambro
BT growth projection was estimated to be higher as weeks follow. Inflection point is maximum body weight growth, during this period a shift of growth phase occurs with declining growth. Growth can occur during weeks follow because chicken has not reached sexual maturity (Sogindor, 2017). Suprijatna (2010) stated that sexual maturity of
Pelung chicken at day-165 with 12-weeks-old weight can reach 669 grams. Nurhuda (2017) stated that genetic component combination affects BT of chicken from crossbreeding with hybrids observed to have better performance than parantal generation on several characters or traits. Average BT of
Kambro was 1,244.14 ± 453.82 grams lower than Broiler Cobb 500 which can reach 1,706.82 ± 262.54 grams at 8-weeks-old for the reason of only inherited 50% of Broiler Cobb 500 genetic components, whereas BT of F Pelung only reached 602, 88 ± 79,93 grams with the same period. PPa, PBe and several linear body weight parameters have correlations with chicken body weight (Ukwu et al., et al., et al.,
Kambro to Pelung was shown by significant results of linear body weight parameter in group III and group I. PPa, PBe and linear body weight parameter correlation to BT is summarized in Table 2. uletin Veteriner Udayana Mahardhika et al.
Table 2. Correlation of linear body weight parameter, PPa and PBe to BT in chicken group I, II and III Chicken Groups Parameters (cm) I (n=7) II (n=22) III (n=17) Linear Body Weight Parameters TA -0.374 ns * * TB -0.091 ns † ** LB 0.344 ns ns ** PB 0.150 ns ns † PL -0.454 ns † ns PS 0.792 * ns ** LD 0.131 ns -0.398 † ns PPu 0.431 ns ns ns PPa PBe 0.975 *** *** *** ns -0.064 ns * † = p<0.10, *= p<0.05, **= p<0.01, ***= p<0.001. † very slightly significant , ns = non-significant Table 3. Chicken group X linear body weight parameter factor (FAC1_1) ANCOVA body weight (BT) at 8 weeks Source
Df F η2 p Group 1 7.205 0.265 0.014 FAC1_1 1 2.508 0.111 0.129 Group* FAC1_1 1 0.482 0.024 0.482 Error (within groups) 20 FAC1_1: TA, TB, LB, LD, PL, PS, PPu dan PB; p<.05 In Table 2. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlation between PPa and PBe to BT group III (PPa r (17) = 0.965, p <0.01; PBe r (17) = 0.567, p <0.01). In group I and group II, BT only has positive correlation with PPa (group I r (7) = 0.975, p <0.01; group II r (22) = 0.932, p <0.01). In group III TA (0.553), TB (0.633), LB (0.629) and PS (0.606) significantly correlates (p<0.05) with BT. In group II TA (0.444) significantly correlates (p<0.05) with BT. In group I PS (0.792) positively correlates (P<0.05) with BT. Linear body weight parameter on each groups have weak positive correlation to BT meanwhile PPa have strong positive correlation to BT (r > 0.90) within each groups. Conclusively PPa can be used as standardized BT estimation model within all chicken groups. Regression analysis was used to strengthen this conclusion as can be seen in Figure 3. Non-linear regression model applied in this research was curvilinear quadratic because of improvement on R value compare to R in simple linear regression (Supplemental File 3, Table 4). PPa is contruction parameter of prediction model suitable in non-linear projection of BT in chicken group I, II and III. BT prediction model according to linear body weight parameter with positive weak correlation analyzed with ANCOVA in Table 3. ANCOVA annalysis between subject and factor [Chicken Group (I, II, and III); covariate: FAC1_1] showed significant group effect F (1.20) = 7.205, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.265, while FAC1_1, F (1, 20) = 2.508, p = 0.129, η2 = 0.111 was insignificant, and no interaction between group and FAC1_1, F (1.20) = 0.482, p = 0.482, η2 = 0.024. ANCOVA analysis strengthening PPa parameter as 8 weeks age Kambro
Body Weight (BT) prediction model. Semakula et al. , (2011) stated that native Lake Victoria chickens live body weight correlates with chest girth. On that research live body weight prediction model and chest girth is uletin Veteriner Udayana Volume 11 No. 2: 188-202 pISSN: 2085-2495; eISSN: 2477-2712 Agustus 2019 Online pada: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i02.p12 non-linear regression highest R value on power model (0.001G ) (Semakula et al. , et al., (2014) stated that linear body weight parameter including shank length can be used as live body weight prediction model of native Nigeria chicken. Mabelebele et al. (2017) stated that Broiler Ross 308 has distinguished femur and tibia length compare to Venda chicken, native South Africa chicken. Similar phenomenon can be observed in Pelung chicken with shorter PPa compare to Broiler Cobb 500, on the other hand distinguished in PBe.
Kambro chicken has PPa and PBe superior than parental generation (Fig. 2A). Mabelebele et al. (2017) stated that polinomial regression of Ross 308 carcass weight was inflicted 97% by femur length and 94% by tibia length, meanwhile Venda chicken was inflicted 89% by tibia length and 37% by femur length. Dalam penelitian ini regresi non-linear quadratic fungsi bobot tubuh ayam Broiler Cobb 500 dipengaruhi oleh 97,8% PPa, ayam F Pelung
Kambro
Kambro.
PPa function of Broiler Cobb 500 was higher than F Pelung can be caused by intensive rearing system.
Pelung chicken mostly reared with extensive system or free-range with variative feed diet, F Pelung bone growth retardation can be caused by locomotion limitations. Henuk and Bakti (2018) stated that extensive rearing system decrease native Indonesia chicken productivity because feed diet inefficiency and lengthy growth period 90 day/1kg. Femur length (PPa) growth adjusted with Body Weight (BT) in Broiler Cobb 500 with extensive rearing system and non-strict feed diet impacting negatively growth performance of fast-growing broiler chickens (Pauwels et al ., 2015). Regression analysis of group II PPa parameter showed declining BT by increasing length of PPa (Fig. 3). Broiler locomotion was affected by BT and PPa. Strict diet can cause muscosceletal growth delay in broiler with further implication muscle stress of movement and locomotion (Paxton et al ., 014). Shim et al . (2012) stated that bone of fast-growing broiler at 6 weeks age is longer, wider, heavier, stronger, compact and high calcium concentrated compared with slow-growing broiler with the same age. Han et al . (2015) stated that tibia is the longest and heaviest part compared with femur as the longest diameter bone. Mortality rate and performance of broiler-type chicken are affected by bone structure. Bone growth abnormality can be affected by several factors including lighting period. Van der Pol et al . (2015) stated that minimum lighting period decreases environmental stress of chickens, where extreme dim-bright lighting increase asymetric bone growth in broiler. PPa function of
Kambro was lower than F Pelung and Broiler Cobb 500 conclusively semi-intensive rearing system and non-strict combination of feed diet can be standardized as suitable
Kambro rearing system. Market assessments and crossbreed selection depend on visual phenotype parameter appearance (Frame, 2009; Semakula et al ., 2011; Assan, 2015). Visual method can be used to rapidly identify certain traits quality of chickens. Navara et al . (2012) stated that phenotype appearance determines chickens genetic succession and productivity. Based on LP group III was insignificant (p>0.05) to group I (Table 2). Based on PJ, TJ and LK group III was insignificant (p>0.05) to group II (Fig. 2). Comb colour of group III was dominated 58.82% by red colour and 41.18% rosy colour (Table 4) with 100% of single shaped comb. Navara et al . (2012) stated that comb colour has positive significant correlation to sperm function, on the other hand comb size has negative significant correlation. These findings was contradictive with other findings which stated that comb size has positive significant correlation to vitality, sperm function and mating signal in male (Gebriel et al., et al ., 2011; Udeh et uletin Veteriner Udayana Mahardhika et al. al., et al ., 2012). Female inclination to select dominant male can cause quality reduction of filial generation sperm quality (Navara et al ., 2012). Frame (2009) stated that comb colour involves as an indicator of laying period with pale coloured indicates laying initiation and post-laying period while bright red coloured indicates optimum laying period. Average PJ of Kambro is 3.81 ± 0.76 cm shorter than several other breed such as White Leghorn (10-16 cm), Red Junglefowl (6-12 cm) and broiler (8-14 cm) (Navara et al ., 2012). Figure 3. Curvilinear quadratic PPa model against BT chicken group I, II and III. Identification of comb colour, PJ and TJ in
Kambro become parental selection guide, in order to sorting out male with low sperm motility in future crossbreed. Based on this findings in the next crossbreed male with small PJ and TJ and female with bright red colour will be chosen. Measurement on PK, LK, PP and LP (Fig. 2B) is an indicator of dietary pattern and feed consumption rate with correlative link between these parameter and Body Weight (BT) have been clarified by several studies (Joller et al ., 2018; Fayeye et al ., 2013; Fahey et al ., 2007; Yakubu et al ., 2009). Beak deformity has known to affecting dietary pattern and chickens body weight (Joller et al ., 2018) with genetic influence of
DEGs gene expression (Bai et al ., 2014). Beak colour was dominated by ivory white colour (70.58%) followed by white black patterned (29.42%). Frame (2009) stated that fading of beak colour from white into dull white or ivory white colour indicate chicken age between 4 to 6 weeks old. Chicken shank colour controlled by locus allele
Id-id and
W-w with
Id- expressing uletin Veteriner Udayana Volume 11 No. 2: 188-202 pISSN: 2085-2495; eISSN: 2477-2712 Agustus 2019 Online pada: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i02.p12 white or yellow colour and idid expressing black, gray or green colours influenced by
GRAMD3 gene in dermal tissue of shank (Xu et al.,
Pelung Blirik Hitam is determined by three genotypes Z B Z b (patterned), Z b Z b (plain) and Broiler Cobb 500 is determined by genotype Z b W (plain white). Hasnelly et al . (2017) stated that chicken feather colour is expressed by (s) allele for old golden colour, (S) for silver recessive, (b) for plain colour, (B) for patterned colour. Feather colour in broiler chicken can be classified into dominant white which can be observed in White Leghorn chicken with several variation that are smoky / grayish (
I*S ) and dun / whitish (
I*D / i ) (Kerje et al ., 2004). Both male Kambro (Z B Z b ) and female Kambro (Z B W) showed 100% gene frequencies of feather colour with black pattern, brown, and gray.
Pelung
Blirik Hitam and Broiler Cobb 500 shank colour genotype can be categorized as
IdId / Id _ (white/yellow) and idid (black/gray/green). Both male Kambro and female
Kambro shank colour gene frequencies can be classified into three groups
IdId /white (52.95%),
Idid /white with black pattern/gray (41.17%) and idid /black (5.88%). Body feather colour and shank colour variation of
Kambro indicate segregation of alleles in the population which inherited by
Pelung
Blirik Hitam and Broiler Cobb 500. Duguma (2006) stated that bright or white body feather colour has higher commercial value and qualified by market. Semakula et al . (2011) stated that visual judgement has significant influence on sale value with a tendency of increasing demang of native Ugandan chickens. Suprijatna (2010) stated that native Indonesia chickens has a niche market and the prevalencies of customer showed a higher demand on native chickens based of its unique taste and phenotypic appearance. Table 4. Phenotype parameter of
Kambro at 8 weeks based of visual observation scoring method.
Phenotype Parameters Characters Gene Frequency (%) ♂/♀ (n=17) Locus Gene Color of neck feather White 100
I-i q I -q i Back feather color White with black, brown and gray strands 100
I-i/ E-e+-e q I -q i /q E -q e+ -q e Color of chest hair White 100
I-i q I -q i Body feather color White with black, brown and gray strands 100
I-i/ E-e+-e/B-b q I -q i / q E -q e+ -q e /q B -q b Color of femoral feather White 52.95
I-i q I - White black or gray pattern 47.05
E-e+-e/B-b q E -q e+ -q e /q B -q b Shank color White 52.95
Id- id q Id /q id White black or gray pattern 41.17
Id- id q Id /q id Black 5.88
Id- id q Id /q id Comb color Red 58.82 - -
Pink 41.18 - Comb shape Single 100
P-p q P /q p Beak color Broken white 70.58 - - White black pattern 29.42 - - uletin Veteriner Udayana Mahardhika et al.
CONCLUSION
Based on measurement of Body Weight (BT),
Kambro (1244.14 ± 453.82 grams) performed significantly (p<0.01) better than F Pelung (602.88 ± 79.93 grams) in 8 weeks period with ad libitum diet of standard feed. The performance escalation of
Kambro compared with F Pelung was significant based on the measurement of linear body weight parameter, vitality parameter, femur length (PPa), tibia length (PBe) and phenotype parameter. Observation of phenotype parameter showed the resemblance of
Kambro with parental generation. Estimation model of
Kambro
Body Weight (BT) can be measured with femur length (PPa) in non-linear quadratic regression (r = 0.956) based on this formula 1.84E3 ± 3.54E2*x+31.73*x . ANCOVA analysis showed no interaction between group and linear body weight parameter and there was significant difference BT of groups (p =0.014). Mortality rate of Kambro was lower than F Pelung with the absence of vaccination in semi-intensive rearing system. Research findings must be validated with larger population size.
SUGGESTION
Further research with larger number of hybrid chickens must be conducted to validate the result on this study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research funding of Ministry of Higher Education Republic of Indonesia. Gama Ayam Research Team and Agrotechnology Innovation Center Universitas Gadjah Mada.
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