Search for charged Higgs bosons decaying into a top quark and a bottom quark at \sqrt{s}=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
EEUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)
Submitted to: JHEP CERN-EP-2021-00422nd February 2021
Search for charged Higgs bosons decaying into a topquark and a bottom quark at √ 𝒔 =13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
The ATLAS Collaboration
A search for charged Higgs bosons decaying into a top quark and a bottom quark is presented.The data analysed correspond to 139 fb − of proton–proton collisions at √ 𝑠 =13 TeV, recordedwith the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The production of a heavy charged Higgs boson inassociation with a top quark and a bottom quark, 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏𝑡𝑏 , is explored in the 𝐻 + mass range from 200 to 2000 GeV using final states with jets and one electron or muon. Eventsare categorised according to the multiplicity of jets and 𝑏 -tagged jets, and multivariate analysistechniques are used to discriminate between signal and background events. No significantexcess above the background-only hypothesis is observed and exclusion limits are derived forthe production cross-section times branching ratio of a charged Higgs boson as a function ofits mass; they range from 3.6 pb at 200 GeV to 0.035 pb at 2000 GeV at 95% confidence level.The results are interpreted in the hMSSM and 𝑀 ℎ scenarios. © a r X i v : . [ h e p - e x ] F e b ontents The discovery of a Higgs boson with a measured mass of 125 GeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in2012 [1–3] raises the question of whether this is the Higgs boson of the Standard Model (SM) or part of anextended scalar sector. Charged Higgs bosons are predicted in several extensions of the SM that add asecond doublet [4–7] or triplets [8–12] to the scalar sector. In CP-conserving two-Higgs-doublet models(2HDMs), the properties of the charged Higgs boson depend on its mass, the mixing angle 𝛼 of the neutralCP-even Higgs bosons, and the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets (tan 𝛽 ).This analysis searches for charged Higgs bosons heavier than the top quark and decaying into a top quarkand a bottom quark. At the LHC, charged Higgs bosons in this mass range are expected to be producedprimarily in association with a top quark and a bottom quark, as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: Leading-order Feynman diagram for the production of a heavy charged Higgs boson in association with atop antiquark and a bottom quark, as well as its decay into a top quark and a bottom antiquark.
The ATLAS and CMS collaborations have searched for charged Higgs bosons in proton–proton ( 𝑝 𝑝 )collisions at √ 𝑠 = , − , probing the mass rangebelow the top-quark mass in the 𝜏𝜈 [13–18], 𝑐𝑠 [19, 20], and 𝑐𝑏 [21] decay modes, as well as above the In the following, charged Higgs bosons are denoted 𝐻 + , with the charge-conjugate 𝐻 − always implied. Similarly, the differencebetween quarks and antiquarks 𝑞 and ¯ 𝑞 is generally understood from the context, so that e.g. 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 means both 𝐻 + → 𝑡 ¯ 𝑏 and 𝐻 − → ¯ 𝑡𝑏 . 𝜏𝜈 and 𝑡𝑏 decay modes [15, 17, 18, 22–26]. In addition, 𝐻 + → 𝑊 𝑍 decays weresearched for in the vector-boson-fusion production mode [27, 28]. ATLAS has also set limits on 𝐻 + production in a search for dijet resonances in events with an isolated lepton using the Run 2 dataset [29].No evidence of charged Higgs bosons was found in any of these searches.This paper presents an updated search for 𝐻 + production in the 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 decay mode with the full Run 2dataset of 𝑝 𝑝 collisions taken at √ 𝑠 =
13 TeV. This decay mode has the highest branching ratio for chargedHiggs bosons above the top-quark mass. Events with one charged lepton ( ℓ = 𝑒, 𝜇 ) and jets in the final stateare considered, and exclusive regions are defined according to the overall number of jets, and the numberof jets tagged as containing a 𝑏 -hadron. In order to separate signal from SM background, multivariateanalysis (MVA) techniques combining several kinematic variables are employed in the regions wherethe signal rate is expected to be largest. Improved limits on the 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + production cross-sectiontimes the 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 branching ratio are set by means of a simultaneous fit to the MVA classifier outputs inthe different analysis regions, which determines both the contribution from the 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 signal and thenormalisation of the backgrounds. The improvement is small at low 𝐻 + mass, where the measurement isdominated by systematic uncertainties, but larger than the simple statistical scaling at high 𝐻 + mass. Theresults are interpreted in the framework of the hMSSM [30–33] and various 𝑀 ℎ benchmark scenarios ofthe Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) [34–39]. The data used in this analysis were recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC between 2015 and 2018from √ 𝑠 =
13 TeV 𝑝 𝑝 collisions, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb − . ATLAS [40–42]is a multipurpose detector with a forward–backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and a near 4 𝜋 coveragein solid angle. It consists of an inner tracking detector (ID) surrounded by a thin superconductingsolenoid providing a 2 T axial magnetic field, electromagnetic and hadron calorimeters, and a muonspectrometer (MS). The inner tracking detector covers the pseudorapidity range | 𝜂 | < .
5. It consistsof silicon pixel, silicon microstrip, and transition radiation tracking detectors. Lead/liquid-argon (LAr)sampling calorimeters provide electromagnetic (EM) energy measurements with high granularity. Asteel/scintillator-tile hadron calorimeter covers the central pseudorapidity range ( | 𝜂 | < . | 𝜂 | = .
9. The muon spectrometer surrounds the calorimeters and is based on three large air-coretoroidal superconducting magnets with eight coils each. The field integral of the toroids ranges between 2.0and 6.0 T m across most of the detector. The muon spectrometer includes a system of precision trackingchambers and fast detectors for triggering. Only runs with stable colliding beams and in which all relevantdetector components were functional are used.A two-level trigger system, with the first level implemented in custom hardware and followed by asoftware-based second level, is used to reduce the trigger rate to around 1 kHz for offline storage [43].Events in this analysis were recorded using single-lepton triggers. To maximise the event selectionefficiency, multiple triggers were used, either with low transverse momentum ( 𝑝 T ) thresholds and lepton ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detectorand the 𝑧 -axis along the beam pipe. The 𝑥 -axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the 𝑦 -axis pointsupwards. Cylindrical coordinates ( 𝑟, 𝜙 ) are used in the transverse plane, 𝜙 being the azimuthal angle around the 𝑧 -axis.The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle 𝜃 as 𝜂 = − ln tan ( 𝜃 / ) . Angular distance is measured in units of Δ 𝑅 ≡ √︁ ( Δ 𝜂 ) + ( Δ 𝜙 ) . 𝑝 T thresholds but looser identification criteria andno isolation requirements. Slightly different sets of triggers were used for 2015 and 2016–2018 data dueto the increase in the average number of 𝑝 𝑝 interactions per bunch crossing (pile-up). The minimum 𝑝 T required by the triggers was increased to keep both trigger rate and data storage within their limits. Formuons, the lowest 𝑝 T threshold was 20 (26) GeV in 2015 (2016–2018), while for electrons, triggers with aminimum 𝑝 T threshold of 24 (26) GeV were used [44]. Simulated events are also required to satisfy thetrigger criteria.Signal and background processes were modelled with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation samples. The 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + process followed by 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 decay was modelled with MadGraph5_aMC@NLO [35] atnext-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD [45] using a four-flavour scheme (4FS) implementation with theNNPDF2.3NLO [46] parton distribution function (PDF). Parton showers (PS) and hadronisation weremodelled by Pythia 8.212 [47] with a set of underlying-event (UE) parameters tuned to ATLAS data andnamed the A14 tune [48]. Dynamic QCD factorisation and renormalisation scales, 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r , were set to (cid:205) 𝑖 √︁ 𝑚 ( 𝑖 ) + 𝑝 T ( 𝑖 ) , where 𝑖 runs over the final-state particles ( 𝐻 + , 𝑡 and 𝑏 ) used in the generation. Onlythe 𝐻 + decay into 𝑡𝑏 is considered. For the simulation of the 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + process the narrow-width approximationwas used. This assumption has negligible impact on the analysis for the models considered in this paper,as the experimental resolution is much larger than the 𝐻 + natural width. Interference with the SM 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑏 ¯ 𝑏 background is neglected. A total of 18 𝐻 + mass hypotheses are used, with 25 GeV mass steps between a 𝐻 + mass of 200 GeV and 300 GeV, 50 GeV steps between 300 GeV and 400 GeV, 100 GeV steps between400 GeV and 1000 GeV, and 200 GeV steps from 1000 GeV to 2000 GeV. The step sizes were chosen tomatch the experimental mass resolution of the 𝐻 + signal.The production of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets events was modelled using the Powheg-Box [49–52] v2 generator in thefive-flavour scheme (5FS), which provides matrix elements (ME) at NLO in QCD, with the NNPDF3.0NLOPDF set [53]. The ℎ damp parameter, which controls the transverse momentum of the first additional emissionbeyond the Born configuration, was set to 1.5 𝑚 𝑡 [54], where 𝑚 𝑡 is the mass of the top quark. Partonshowers and hadronisation were modelled by Pythia 8.230 [55] with the A14 tune for the UE. The scales 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r were set to the default scale √︃ 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑝 ,𝑡 . The sample was normalised to the Top++ 2.0 [56]theoretical cross-section of 832 + − pb, calculated at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD includingresummation of next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) soft gluon terms [57–60]. The generation ofthe 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets events was performed both inclusively of additional jet flavour, and also with dedicated filteredsamples, requiring 𝑏 - or 𝑐 -hadrons in addition to those arising from the decays of the top quarks. Eventsgenerated with no extra 𝑏 -hadrons were taken from the unfiltered sample and merged with the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jetsevents from the filtered sample, taking the appropriate cross-section and filter efficiencies into account.Single-top 𝑡 -channel production was modelled using the Powheg-Box v2 generator at NLO in QCD,generated in the 4FS with the NNPDF3.0NLOnf4 PDF set [53]. The scales 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r were set to √︃ 𝑚 𝑏 + 𝑝 ,𝑏 following the recommendation in Ref. [61]. Single-top 𝑡𝑊 and 𝑠 -channel production was modelled usingthe Powheg-Box v2 generator at NLO in QCD, generated in the 5FS with the NNPDF3.0NLO PDFset. The scales 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r were set to the default scale, which is equal to the top-quark mass. For 𝑡𝑊 associated production, the diagram removal scheme [62] was employed to handle the interference with 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 production [54]. All single-top events were showered with Pythia 8.230.Production of vector bosons with additional jets was simulated with the Sherpa 2.2.1 generator [63].Matrix elements with NLO accuracy for up to two partons, and with leading-order (LO) accuracy for up tofour partons, were calculated with the Comix [64] and OpenLoops [65, 66] libraries. The default SherpaPS algorithm [67] based on Catani–Seymour dipole factorisation and the cluster hadronisation model [68]4as used. It employs the dedicated set of tuned parameters developed by the Sherpa authors for thisversion, based on the NNPDF3.0NNLO PDF set. The NLO ME of a given jet multiplicity were matched tothe PS using a colour-exact variant of the MC@NLO algorithm [69]. Different jet multiplicities were thenmerged into an inclusive sample using an improved CKKW matching procedure [70, 71], which is extendedto NLO accuracy using the MEPS@NLO prescription [72]. The merging cut was set to 20 GeV.The production of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑉 events, i.e. 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑊 or 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 𝑍 , was modelled using the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.3.3generator, which provides ME at NLO in QCD with the NNPDF3.0NLO PDF set. The scales 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r were set to the default scale (cid:205) 𝑖 √︃ 𝑚 𝑖 + 𝑝 T2 𝑖 , where the sum runs over all the particles generated in the MEcalculation. The events were showered with Pythia 8.210. Additional 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑉 samples were produced with theSherpa 2.2.0 [63] generator at LO accuracy, using the MEPS@LO prescription with up to one additionalparton for the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 𝑍 sample and two additional partons for 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑊 . A dynamic scale 𝜇 r is used, defined similarlyto that of the nominal MadGraph5_aMC@NLO samples. The CKKW matching scale of the additionalemissions was set to 30 GeV. The default Sherpa 2.2.0 PS was used along with the NNPDF3.0NNLOPDF set. The production of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝐻 events was modelled in the 5FS using the Powheg-Box [73] generator atNLO with the NNPDF3.0NLO PDF set. The ℎ damp parameter was set to ( 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝐻 ) = . 𝑉𝑉 ) samples were simulated with the Sherpa 2.2 generator. Multiple ME calculations werematched and merged with the Sherpa PS using the MEPS@NLO prescription. For semileptonically andfully leptonically decaying diboson samples, as well as loop-induced diboson samples, the virtual QCDcorrection for ME at NLO accuracy were provided by the OpenLoops library. For electroweak 𝑉𝑉 𝑗 𝑗 production, the calculation was performed in the 𝐺 𝜇 -scheme [74], ensuring an optimal description of pureelectroweak interactions at the electroweak scale. All samples were generated using the NNPDF3.0NNLOPDF set, along with the dedicated set of tuned PS parameters developed by the Sherpa authors.Other minor backgrounds ( 𝑡𝐻 𝑗 𝑏 , 𝑡𝐻𝑊 , 𝑡 𝑍 𝑞 , 𝑡 𝑍𝑊 and four top quarks) were also simulated and accountedfor, even though they contribute less than 1% in any analysis region. All samples and their basic generationparameters are summarised in Table 1.Most of the samples mentioned above were produced using the full ATLAS detector simulation [75]based on Geant4 [76], and the rest were produced using fast simulation [77], where the complete Geant4simulation of the calorimeter response is replaced by a detailed parameterisation of the shower shapes,as shown in Table 1. For the observables used in this analysis, the two simulations were found to givecompatible results. Additional pile-up interactions, simulated with Pythia 8.186 using the A3 set oftuned parameters [54], were overlaid onto the simulated hard-scatter event. All simulation samples werereweighted such that the distribution of the number of pile-up interactions matches that of the data. In allsamples the top-quark mass was set to 172.5 GeV, and the decays of 𝑏 - and 𝑐 -hadrons were performed byEvtGen v1.2.0 [78], except in samples simulated by the Sherpa event generator. Charged leptons and jets, including those compatible with the hadronisation of 𝑏 -quarks, are the mainreconstructed objects used in this analysis. Electrons are reconstructed from energy clusters in theelectromagnetic calorimeter associated with tracks reconstructed in the ID [79], and are required to have | 𝜂 | < .
47. Candidates in the calorimeter transition region (1 . < | 𝜂 | < .
52) are excluded. Electrons mustsatisfy the tight identification criterion described in Ref. [80], based on shower-shape and track-matching5 able 1: Nominal simulated signal and background event samples. The ME generator, PS generator and calculationaccuracy of the cross-section in QCD used for normalisation (aNNLO stands for approximate NNLO in QCD) areshown together with the applied PDF set. Either Sherpa 2.2.1 or Sherpa 2.2.2 was used for different dibosoncontributions. The rightmost column shows whether fast or full simulation was used to produce the samples.Physics process ME generator PS generator Normalisation PDF set Simulation 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + MG5_aMC 2.6.2 Pythia 8.212 NLO NNPDF2.3NLO Fast 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets Powheg-Box v2 Pythia 8.230 NNLO+NNLL NNPDF3.0NLO FastSingle-top 𝑡 -chan Powheg-Box v2 Pythia 8.230 aNNLO NNPDF3.0NLOnf4 FullSingle-top 𝑡𝑊 Powheg-Box v2 Pythia 8.230 aNNLO NNPDF3.0NLO FullSingle-top 𝑠 -chan Powheg-Box v2 Pythia 8.230 aNNLO NNPDF3.0NLO Full 𝑉 + jets Sherpa 2.2.1 Sherpa 2.2.1 NNLO NNPDF3.0NNLO Full 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑉 MG5_aMC 2.3.3 Pythia 8.210 NLO NNPDF3.0NLO Full 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝐻 Powheg-Box v2 Pythia 8.230 NLO NNPDF3.0NLO FullDiboson Sherpa 2.2 Sherpa 2.2 NLO NNPDF3.0NNLO Full 𝑡𝐻 𝑗 𝑏
MG5_aMC 2.6.0 Pythia 8.230 NLO NNPDF3.0NLOnf4 Full 𝑡𝐻𝑊
MG5_aMC 2.6.2 Pythia 8.235 NLO NNPDF3.0NLO Full 𝑡𝑍𝑞
MG5_aMC 2.3.3 Pythia 8.212 NLO CTEQ6L1LO Full 𝑡𝑍𝑊
MG5_aMC 2.3.3 Pythia 8.212 NLO NNPDF3.0NLO FullFour top quarks MG5_aMC 2.3.3 Pythia 8.230 NLO NNPDF3.1NLO Fast variables. Muons are reconstructed from either track segments or full tracks in the MS which are matchedto tracks in the ID. Tracks are then re-fit using information from both detector systems. Muons must satisfythe medium identification criterion [81]. Muons are required to have | 𝜂 | < .
5. To reduce the contributionof leptons from hadronic decays (non-prompt leptons), both the electrons and muons must satisfy isolationcriteria. These criteria include both track and calorimeter information, and have an efficiency of 90%for leptons with a 𝑝 T greater than 25 GeV, rising to 99% above 60 GeV, as measured in 𝑍 → 𝑒𝑒 and 𝑍 → 𝜇𝜇 data samples [79, 81]. Finally, the lepton tracks must point to the primary vertex of the event, thelongitudinal impact parameter must satisfy | 𝑧 | < . | 𝑑 |/ 𝜎 𝑑 < ( ) for electrons (muons).Jets are reconstructed from three-dimensional topological energy clusters [82] in the calorimeter usingthe anti- 𝑘 𝑡 jet algorithm [83] with a radius parameter of 0.4. Each topological cluster is calibrated tothe electromagnetic scale response prior to jet reconstruction. The reconstructed jets are then calibratedwith a series of simulation-based corrections and in situ techniques based on 13 TeV data [84]. Afterenergy calibration, jets are required to have 𝑝 T >
25 GeV and | 𝜂 | < .
5. Quality criteria are imposed toidentify jets arising from non-collision sources or detector noise, and any event containing such a jet isremoved [85]. Finally, to reduce the effect of pile-up, jets with 𝑝 T <
120 GeV and | 𝜂 | < . 𝑝 T > . 𝑏 -hadrons, referred to as 𝑏 -jets inthe following, the MV2c10 tagger algorithm [87], which combines impact parameter information withthe explicit identification of secondary and tertiary vertices within the jet into a multivariate discriminant,is used. Jets are 𝑏 -tagged by requiring the discriminant output to be above a threshold, providing aspecific 𝑏 -jet efficiency in simulated 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 events. A criterion with an efficiency of 70% is used to determine Events are required to have at least one reconstructed vertex with three or more associated tracks which have 𝑝 T >
400 MeV.The primary vertex is chosen as the vertex candidate with the largest sum of the squared transverse momenta of associatedtracks. 𝑏 -jet multiplicity in this analysis. For this working point and for the same 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 sample, the 𝑐 -jet andlight-flavour-quark or gluon jet (light-jets) rejection factors are 8.9 and 300, respectively [88].To avoid counting a single detector signal as more than one lepton or jet, an overlap removal procedureis applied. First, the closest jet within Δ 𝑅 𝑦 = √︁ ( Δ 𝑦 ) + ( Δ 𝜙 ) = . If the nearest jet surviving that selection is within Δ 𝑅 𝑦 = . Δ 𝑅 𝑦 < .
4, which reduces the backgroundfrom semileptonic decays of heavy-flavour hadrons. However, if this jet has fewer than three associatedtracks, the muon is kept and the jet is removed instead; this avoids an inefficiency for high-energy muonsundergoing significant energy loss in the calorimeter.The missing transverse momentum (of size 𝐸 missT ) in the event is computed as the negative vector sum ofthe 𝑝 T of all the selected electrons, muons and jets described above, with a correction for soft energy notassociated with any of the hard objects. This additional ‘soft term’ is calculated from ID tracks matched tothe primary vertex to make it resilient to pile-up contamination [89]. The missing transverse momentum isnot used in the event selection, but included in the multivariate discriminant used in the analysis.Events are required to have exactly one electron or muon, with 𝑝 T >
27 GeV, within Δ 𝑅 < .
15 of a leptonof the same flavour reconstructed by the trigger algorithm, and at least five jets, at least two of which mustbe 𝑏 -tagged. The total event acceptance for the 𝐻 + signal samples ranges from 2% (at 200 GeV) to 8.5%(at 1000 GeV). Above 1000 GeV, the acceptance decreases due to the boosted topology of the events,which fail the requirement on jet multiplicity. At 2000 GeV, the acceptance is 6%. The selected events arecategorised into four separate regions according to the number of reconstructed jets (j) and 𝑏 -jets (b) in theevent, in order to improve the sensitivity of the fit and constrain some of the systematic uncertainties. Theanalysis regions are 5j3b, 5j ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 𝑏 -tagged. The ≥ With the isolation criteria applied both at the trigger and analysis level, as well as the purity-enhancingidentification criteria used for electrons and muons (Section 3), the background due to non-prompt leptonsis expected to be negligible. To confirm this assumption, the ratio ( 𝑁 Data − 𝑁 totalMC )/ 𝑁 totalMC was checked andfound to not decrease when moving from a loose to a tight isolation selection. Such behaviour showsthat the non-prompt-lepton background, which is not present in the simulation, provides a negligiblecontribution to the data, as expected given that non-prompt leptons are unlikely to be isolated in data. Ifdata and the MC predictions differed due to a mismodelling of the other backgrounds, tighter isolationrequirements would remove events in data and MC simulation alike. All backgrounds in this analysis areestimated using the simulation samples described in Section 2.To define the background categories in the likelihood fit (Section 7), the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets background is categorisedaccording to the flavour of the jets in the event. Generator-level particle jets are reconstructed from stableparticles (mean lifetime 𝜏 > × − s) using the anti- 𝑘 𝑡 algorithm with a radius parameter 𝑅 = 0.4, andare required to have 𝑝 T > 15 GeV and | 𝜂 | < 2.5. The flavour of a jet is determined by counting the numberof 𝑏 - or 𝑐 -hadrons within Δ 𝑅 = 𝑏 -hadrons, of which at The rapidity is defined as 𝑦 = ln 𝐸 + 𝑝 𝑧 𝐸 − 𝑝 𝑧 , where 𝐸 is the energy and 𝑝 𝑧 is the momentum component along the beam pipe. 𝑝 T above 5 GeV, are labelled as 𝑏 -jets; 𝑐 -jets are defined analogously, only consideringjets not already defined as 𝑏 -jets. Events that have at least one 𝑏 -jet, not including heavy-flavour jets fromtop-quark or 𝑊 -boson decays, are labelled as 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 ; those with no 𝑏 -jets but at least one 𝑐 -jet arelabelled as 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 . Finally, events not containing any heavy-flavour jets, aside from those from top-quarkor 𝑊 -boson decays, are labelled as 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light.After the event selection, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets constitutes the main background. It is observed that the simulation of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets does not properly model high jet multiplicities nor the hardness of additional jet emissions, anddata-based corrections are applied to the simulation [90, 91]. Given that the additional jets in the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jetssample are simulated in the parton shower, the mentioned mismodelling is expected to be independentof whether the additional jets are 𝑏 -tagged or not. Therefore, data and MC predictions are comparedand reweighting factors are derived in a sample with at least five jets and exactly two 𝑏 -tagged jets, andthen applied in the 3b and ≥
4b regions. The level of agreement between data and simulation in theseregions improves to the point where the remaining differences would be well within the model’s systematicuncertainty. The reweighting factors are expressed as: 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑁 Data ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑁 non- 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 MC ( 𝑥 ) 𝑁 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 MC ( 𝑥 ) , where 𝑥 is the variable mismodelled by the simulation. In this context, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 , aswell as 𝑊𝑡 single-top contributions, are included in the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 sample. For the range of 𝐻 + masses consideredin this analysis and assuming the observed upper limits on the cross-section times branching ratio publishedin Ref. [24], signal events contribute less than 1% to the ≥ 𝑅 ( nJets ) ) first and subsequently applied to the 𝐻 allT distributions to derive the reweighting factors in the 5j2b, 6j2b, 7j2b and ≥ 𝑅 ( 𝐻 allT ) ). Thus,events are weighted by the product 𝑅 ( nJets ) × 𝑅 ( 𝐻 allT ) depending on their jet multiplicity and 𝐻 allT value.Figure 2 shows the distributions of 𝑅 ( nJets ) in the ≥ 𝑅 ( 𝐻 allT ) in the 5j2b, 6j2b, 7j2b and ≥ 𝐻 allT weight distributions.After the reweighting, agreement between simulation and data in the analysis regions improves, as can beseen, for example, in Figure 3, which shows the leading jet’s 𝑝 T distribution before the fit, both beforeand after applying the reweighting. The final 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 normalisation factors and theiruncertainties, which account for the remaining mismodelling observed after applying the reweighting, arenot applied. These normalisations are extracted from the fit to data, as described in Section 7. To enhance the separation between signal and background, a neural network algorithm (NN) is used. Itsarchitecture is sequential with two fully connected layers of 64 nodes, and is implemented with the Pythondeep learning library, Keras [92]. The activation function used is the commonly employed ‘rectified linearunit’ and the loss function is the ‘binary cross-entropy’. Batch normalisation [93] is performed to speedup the learning process, dropout [94] is applied at a 10% rate, and the Adam algorithm [95] is used tooptimise the parameters. 𝐻 allT is defined as the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of all jets and the lepton in the event. ≥ Number of jets R ( n J e t s ) ATLAS p s = 13 TeV, 139 fb − ≥
5j 2b
Weights (a) ≥
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 H allT [GeV] R ( H a ll T ) ATLAS p s = 13 TeV, 139 fb −
5j 2b WeightsFit (b) 5j2b
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 H allT [GeV] R ( H a ll T ) ATLAS p s = 13 TeV, 139 fb −
6j 2b WeightsFit (c) 6j2b
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 H allT [GeV] R ( H a ll T ) ATLAS p s = 13 TeV, 139 fb −
7j 2b WeightsFit (d) 7j2b
500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 H allT [GeV] R ( H a ll T ) ATLAS p s = 13 TeV, 139 fb − ≥
8j 2b WeightsFit (e) ≥ Figure 2: From left to right and top to bottom: distribution of the reweighting factors (weights) obtained from thecomparison of the number of jets and 𝐻 allT in data and simulation. The errors in the data points include the statisticaluncertainties in data and MC predictions. All signal samples are used in the training against all background samples, which are weighted according totheir cross-sections. The training is performed separately in each analysis region, but the separate trainingsinclude all 𝐻 + mass samples, and use the value of the 𝐻 + mass as a parameter [96]. For signal events theparameter corresponds to the mass of the 𝐻 + sample they belong to, while for background events a randomvalue of the 𝐻 + mass, taken from the distribution of signal masses, is assigned to each event.A total of 15 variables, described in Table 2, are used in the NN. The variables are chosen to provide thebest discrimination against the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 background. Among them, the kinematic discriminant, scalarsum of the 𝑝 T of all jets, and centrality provide the most discrimination. The centrality is computed as thescalar sum of the 𝑝 T of all jets and leptons in the event divided by the sum of their energies. The kinematicdiscriminant is a variable reflecting the probability that an event is compatible with the 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 hypothesisrather than the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 hypothesis, and is defined as 𝐷 = 𝑃 𝐻 + ( x ) /( 𝑃 𝐻 + ( x ) + 𝑃 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 ( x ) ) , where 𝑃 𝐻 + ( x ) and 𝑃 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 ( x ) areprobability density functions for x under the signal hypothesis and background ( 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 ) hypothesis, respectively.The event variable x indicates the set of the missing transverse momentum and the four-momenta of thereconstructed lepton and the jets [24].Figure 4 shows the predicted NN output distributions in the four analysis regions for selected 𝐻 + signalsamples and the SM background. These distributions are used in a fit to extract the amount of 𝐻 + signal indata. The separation of the 𝐻 + signal from the background is most difficult for low 𝐻 + masses becausethe two processes have very similar kinematics and topology. The kinematic discriminant has largeseparating power at low 𝐻 + masses, whereas at higher masses, where the topologies of the 𝐻 + signal andthe background are no longer alike, other variables, such as the scalar sum of the 𝑝 T of all jets, provide thelargest separation. 9 E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbsl+jets, 5j 3bPre-fit, unweighted
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.25 c /ndf = 29.5 / 25 c (a) 5j3b, unweighted E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ l+jets, 5j Pre-fit, unweighted
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.09 c /ndf = 34.9 / 25 c (b) 5j ≥ E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 6j 3b ‡ l+jets, Pre-fit, unweighted
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.05 c /ndf = 37.8 / 25 c (c) ≥ E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ ‡ l+jets, Pre-fit, unweighted
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.54 c /ndf = 23.6 / 25 c (d) ≥ ≥ E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbsl+jets, 5j 3bPre-fit
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.38 c /ndf = 26.5 / 25 c (e) 5j3b, reweighted E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ l+jets, 5j Pre-fit
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.09 c /ndf = 34.8 / 25 c (f) 5j ≥ E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 6j 3b ‡ l+jets, Pre-fit
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.09 c /ndf = 34.9 / 25 c (g) ≥ E v en t s Data + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ ‡ l+jets, Pre-fit
100 200 300 400 500 600 [GeV] T Leading jet p D a t a / P r ed . prob = 0.89 c /ndf = 16.6 / 25 c (h) ≥ ≥ Figure 3: Comparison of the predicted leading jet 𝑝 T and data before the fit in the four analysis regions before (top)and after (bottom) the reweighting was applied. The uncertainty bands include both the statistical and systematicuncertainties. Since the normalisations of the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 backgrounds are allowed to vary in the fit, nocross-section uncertainties associated with these processes are included. The lower panels display the ratio of thedata to the total prediction. The hatched bands show the uncertainties before the fit to the data, which are dominatedby systematic uncertainties. The 𝜒 / ndf and the 𝜒 probability are also shown. Various sources of experimental and theoretical uncertainties are considered in this analysis. They mayaffect the overall normalisation of the processes, the shapes of the NN output distributions, or both. All theexperimental uncertainties considered, with the exception of that in the luminosity, affect both normalisationand shape in all the simulated samples. Uncertainties related to the modelling of the signal and backgroundaffect both normalisation and shape, with the exception of cross-section uncertainties, which only affect thenormalisation of the sample considered. Nonetheless, the normalisation uncertainties modify the relativefractions of the different samples, leading to a shape variation in the final NN output distributions. A singleindependent nuisance parameter (NP) is assigned to each source of systematic uncertainty in the statisticalanalysis. Some of the systematic uncertainties, in particular most of the experimental uncertainties, aredecomposed into several independent sources. Each individual source then has a correlated effect acrossall analysis regions and signal and background samples.The uncertainty of the integrated luminosity for the full Run-2 dataset is 1.7% [98], obtained using theLUCID-2 detector [99] for the primary luminosity measurements. A variation in the pile-up reweighting ofthe simulated events described in Section 2 is included to cover the uncertainty in the ratio of the predictedand measured inelastic cross-sections in a given fiducial volume [100].Uncertainties associated with charged leptons arise from the trigger selection, the lepton reconstruction,10 able 2: List of variables included in the training of the NN.
NN variables 𝑝 T of the leading jet 𝑝 T of fifth leading jetScalar sum of the 𝑝 T of all jetsSecond Fox–Wolfram moment calculated using all jets and leptons [97]Invariant mass of the 𝑏 -jet pair with minimum Δ 𝑅 Invariant mass of the 𝑏 -jet pair with maximum 𝑝 T Largest invariant mass of a 𝑏 -jet pairInvariant mass of the jet triplet with maximum 𝑝 T Invariant mass of the untagged jet-pair with minimum Δ 𝑅 Average Δ 𝑅 between all 𝑏 -jet pairs in the event Δ 𝑅 between the lepton and the pair of 𝑏 -jets with smallest Δ 𝑅 Centrality calculated using all jets and leptonsKinematic discriminant 𝐷 defined in the textNumber of jets (only in ≥ ≥ ≥
4b regions)Number of 𝑏 -jets (only in 5j ≥
4b and ≥ ≥
4b regions)identification and isolation criteria, as well as the lepton momentum scale and resolution. The reconstruction,identification and isolation efficiency of electrons and muons, as well as the efficiency of the trigger usedto record the events, differ slightly between data and simulation, which is compensated for by dedicatedcorrection factors (CFs). Efficiency CFs are measured using tag-and-probe techniques in 𝑍 → ℓ + ℓ − dataand simulated samples [81, 101], and are applied to the simulation to correct for the differences. Theeffect of these CFs, as well as of their uncertainties, are propagated as corrections to the MC event weight.Additional sources of uncertainty originate from the corrections applied to adjust the lepton momentumscale and resolution in the simulation to match those in data. The impact of these uncertainties is smallerthan 1%.Uncertainties associated with jets arise from the efficiency of pile-up rejection by the JVT, from the jetenergy scale (JES) and resolution (JER), and from 𝑏 -tagging. Correction factors are applied to correctfor differences between data and MC simulation for JVT efficiencies. These CFs are estimated using 𝑍 (→ 𝜇 + 𝜇 − ) + jets with tag-and-probe techniques similar to those in Ref. [86]. The JES and its uncertaintyare derived by combining information from test-beam data, collision data and simulation [84]. Additionaluncertainties are considered, related to jet flavour, quark/gluon fraction, pile-up corrections, 𝜂 dependence,high- 𝑝 T jets, and differences between full and fast simulation. The JER is measured in data collected in2015–2018 and determined using simulation as a function of jet 𝑝 T and rapidity in dijet events, using asimilar method to that in Ref. [102]. The uncertainty is propagated by smearing the jet 𝑝 T in simulation.The 𝑏 -tagging efficiencies in simulated samples are corrected to match efficiencies in data. Correctionfactors are derived as a function of 𝑝 T for 𝑏 -, 𝑐 - and light-jets separately in dedicated calibration analyses.For 𝑏 -jet efficiencies, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 events in the di-lepton topology are used, exploiting the very pure sample of 𝑏 -jetsarising from the decays of the top quarks [88]. For 𝑐 -jet mistag rates, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 events in single-lepton topologyare used, exploiting the 𝑐 -jets from the hadronically decaying 𝑊 bosons, using techniques similar to thosein Ref. [103]. For light-jet mistag rates, the so-called negative-tag method similar to that in Ref. [104] isused, but using 𝑍 +jets events instead of di-jet events.11 .0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation5j 3b H +
200 GeVBackground (a) 5j3b
NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation5j ≥
4b H +
200 GeVBackground (b) 5j ≥ NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation ≥
6j 3b H +
200 GeVBackground (c) ≥ NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation ≥ ≥
4b H +
200 GeVBackground (d) ≥ ≥ NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation5j 3b H +
800 GeVBackground (e) 5j3b
NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation5j ≥
4b H +
800 GeVBackground (f) 5j ≥ NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation ≥
6j 3b H +
800 GeVBackground (g) ≥ NN output E n t r i e s / . ATLAS
Simulation ≥ ≥
4b H +
800 GeVBackground (h) ≥ ≥ Figure 4: Expected distributions of the NN output for 𝐻 + masses of 200 GeV (top) and 800 GeV (bottom) for SMbackgrounds and 𝐻 + signal in the four analysis regions. All distributions are normalised to unity. All the uncertainties described above on energy scales or resolutions of the reconstructed objects arepropagated to the missing transverse momentum. Additional uncertainties in the scale and resolution ofthe soft term are considered, which account for the disagreement between data and simulation of the 𝑝 T balance between the hard and the soft components. A total of three independent sources are added: anoffset along the hard component 𝑝 T axis, and the smearing resolution along and perpendicular to thisaxis [105, 106]. Since the missing transverse momentum is not used in selection but only in the eventreconstruction, the associated uncertainties have an impact smaller than 1%.The uncertainty in the 𝐻 + signal due to different scale choices is estimated by varying 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r up anddown by a factor of two. The uncertainties from the modelling of the PDF are evaluated replacing thenominal NNPDF2.3NLO PDF set by a symmetrised Hessian set, PDF4LHC15_nlo_30, following thePDF4LHC recommendations for LHC Run 2 [107].The modelling of the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets background is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in the analysis,and several different components are considered. The 6% uncertainty for the inclusive 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 productioncross-section predicted at NNLO+NNLL includes effects from varying 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r , the PDF, 𝛼 S , and thetop-quark mass [108]. This uncertainty is applied to 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light only, since the normalisation of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 are allowed to vary freely in the fit. Besides normalisation, the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 processes are affected by different types of uncertainties: the uncertainties associated with additionalFeynman diagrams for the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light are constrained from relatively precise measurements in data [109]; 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 can have similar or different Feynman diagrams depending on the flavour schemeused for the PDF, and the different masses of the 𝑏 - and the 𝑐 -quarks contribute to additional differencesbetween these two processes. For these reasons, all uncertainties in the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets background modelling areassigned independent NP for 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 . Systematic uncertainties in the acceptanceand shapes are extracted by comparing the nominal prediction with alternative MC samples or settings.Such comparisons would significantly change the fractions of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 . However, sincethe normalisation of these sub-processes in the analysis regions is determined in the fit, these alternative12redictions are reweighted in such a way that they keep the same fractions of 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 as thenominal sample in the phase-space selected by the analysis.The uncertainty due to initial state radiation (ISR) is estimated by using the Var3cUp ( Var3cDown ) variantfrom the A14 tune [48], corresponding to 𝛼 ISRS = 𝛼 ISRS = . 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r are estimated by scaling each one up and down by a factor of two. Forthe final state radiation (FSR), the amount of radiation is increased (decreased) in the PS corresponding to 𝛼 FSRS = 𝛼 FSRS = . 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 background, in which all theadditional partons are produced by the PS, is compared with an alternative PowhegBox+Pythia 4FSsample, in which the 𝑏 ¯ 𝑏 pair is generated in addition to the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 pair at the ME level. An uncertainty resultingfrom the comparison of the shapes of the two models is included. Finally, the weights derived in Section 4to improve the agreement of the simulation with data are varied within their statistical uncertainties, in acorrelated way among the three 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets components. All the sources of systematic uncertainty for the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets modelling are summarised in Table 3. Table 3: Summary of the sources of systematic uncertainty for 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets modelling. The systematic uncertainties listedin the second section of the table are evaluated in such a way as to have no impact on the normalisation of the three, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 , 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light, components in the phase-space selected in the analysis. The last column of thetable indicates the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + jets components to which the systematic uncertainty is assigned. All systematic uncertaintysources, except those associated to the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 reweighting, are treated as uncorrelated across the three components.Uncertainty source Description Components 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 cross-section Up or down by 6% 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 reweighting Statistical uncertainties of fitted function (six) parameters All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 and 𝑊𝑡𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 modelling 4FS vs 5FS 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 normalisation Free-floating 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 normalisation Free-floating 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 NLO matching MadGraph5_aMC@NLO+Pythia vs PowhegBox+Pythia All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 PS & hadronisation PowhegBox+Herwig vs PowhegBox+Pythia All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 ISR Varying 𝛼 ISRS in PowhegBox+Pythia All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝜇 f Scaling by 0.5 (2.0) in PowhegBox+Pythia All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝜇 r Scaling by 0.5 (2.0) in PowhegBox+Pythia All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 FSR Varying 𝛼 FSRS in PowhegBox+Pythia All 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 A 5% uncertainty is considered for the cross-sections of the three single-top production modes [110–114].Uncertainties associated with the PS and hadronisation model, and with the NLO matching schemeare evaluated by comparing, for each process, the nominal PowhegBox+Pythia sample with a sampleproduced using PowhegBox+Herwig [115] and MadGraph5_aMC@NLO+Pythia, respectively. Asmentioned in Section 4, the 𝑊𝑡 single-top mode is included in the reweighting procedure, and thus the sameuncertainties used for 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 are applied here. The uncertainty associated to the interference between 𝑊𝑡 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 production at NLO [62] is assessed by comparing the nominal PowhegBox+Pythia sample producedusing the “diagram removal” scheme with an alternative sample produced with the same generator butusing the “diagram subtraction” scheme [61, 62].The predicted SM 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝐻 signal cross-section uncertainty is + . − . (QCD scale) ± .
6% (PDF + 𝛼 S ) [37,1316–120]. Uncertainties of the Higgs boson branching ratios amount to 2.2% for the 𝑏 ¯ 𝑏 decay mode [37].For the ISR and FSR, the amount of radiation is varied following the same procedure as for 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 . The nominalPowhegBox+Pythia sample is compared with the PowhegBox+Herwig sample to assess the uncertaintydue to PS and hadronisation, and to the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO sample for the uncertainty due to theNLO matching.The uncertainty of the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑉 NLO cross-section prediction is 15%, split into PDF and scale uncertainties asfor 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝐻 [37, 121]. An additional 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝑉 modelling uncertainty, related to the choice of PS and hadronisationmodel and matching scheme, is assessed by comparing the nominal MadGraph5_aMC@NLO+Pythiasamples with alternative samples generated with Sherpa.An overall 50% normalisation uncertainty is considered for the four-top-quarks background, coveringeffects from varying 𝜇 f , 𝜇 r , PDF and 𝛼 S [45, 122]. The small background 𝑡 𝑍 𝑞 is assigned a 7.9% and a0.9% uncertainty accounting for 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r scales and PDF variations, respectively. Finally, a single 50%uncertainty is used for 𝑡 𝑍𝑊 [45].An uncertainty of 40% is assumed for the 𝑊 +jets normalisation, with an additional 30% for 𝑊 + heavy-flavour jets, taken as uncorrelated between events with two and more than two heavy-flavour jets. Theseuncertainties are based on variations of the 𝜇 f and 𝜇 r scales and of the matching parameters in the Sherpasamples. An uncertainty of 35% is applied to the 𝑍 +jets normalisation, uncorrelated across jet bins, toaccount for both the variations of the scales and matching parameters in the Sherpa samples and theuncertainty in the extraction from data of the correction factor for the heavy-flavour component [53,123]. Finally, a 50% normalisation uncertainty in the diboson background is assumed, which includesuncertainties in the inclusive cross-section and additional jet production [124]. A binned maximum-likelihood fit to the data is performed simultaneously on the NN output distributionsin the four analysis regions, and each mass hypothesis is tested separately. The procedures used to quantifythe level of agreement with the background-only hypothesis or background-plus-signal hypothesis and todetermine exclusion limits are based on the profile-likelihood-ratio test and the CL S method [125–127].The parameter of interest is the product of the production cross-section 𝜎 ( 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + ) and the branchingratio B ( 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 ). In addition, two initially unconstrained factors are used to normalise the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 backgrounds. These normalisation factors range from 1.2 to 1.6 (0.2 to 1.8) with a typicaluncertainty of 0.2 (0.6) for the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 ( 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 ) background, depending on the 𝐻 + mass hypothesisused in the fit. All systematic uncertainties are implemented as nuisance parameters with log-normalconstraint terms. There are about 170 nuisance parameters considered in the fit, the number varying slightlyacross the range of mass hypotheses. A summary of the systematic uncertainties with similar sourcesgrouped together is given in Table 4. Depending on the particular 𝐻 + mass hypothesis, the total systematicuncertainty is dominated by the uncertainties in the modelling of the 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 background, in particular 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 , jet flavour-tagging uncertainties, and jet energy scale and resolution.Table 5 shows the event yields after the background-plus-signal fit under the 200 GeV and 800 GeV 𝐻 + mass hypotheses. The corresponding post-fit distributions of the NN output in each analysis region areshown in Figure 5 for the 200 GeV and 800 GeV 𝐻 + mass hypotheses. After the fit, good agreementbetween the data and simulation is found in the input variables to the NN. As no significant excess above14 able 4: Summary of the effects of the statistical and systematic uncertainties on 𝜇 = 𝜎 ( 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + ) × B ( 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 ) is shown for a 𝐻 + signal with a mass of 200 and 800 GeV, extracted from the fit to the data. Due to correlationsbetween the different sources of uncertainty, the total systematic uncertainty can be different from the sum inquadrature of the individual sources. The normalisation factors for both 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 are included in thestatistical component. Uncertainty source Δ 𝜇 ( 𝐻 + ) [pb] Δ 𝜇 ( 𝐻 + ) [pb] 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 modelling 1.01 0.025Jet energy scale and resolution 0.35 0.009 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 modelling 0.32 0.006Jet flavour tagging 0.20 0.025Reweighting 0.22 0.007 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light modelling 0.33 0.009Other background modelling 0.19 0.011MC statistics 0.11 0.008JVT, pile-up modelling <0.01 0.001Luminosity <0.01 0.002Lepton ID, isolation, trigger, 𝐸 missT <0.01 <0.001 𝐻 + modelling 0.05 0.002Total systematic uncertainty 1.35 0.049 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 normalisation 0.23 0.007 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 normalisation 0.045 0.015Total statistical uncertainty 0.43 0.025Total uncertainty 1.42 0.055the expected SM background is observed in all regions and mass intervals, upper limits on the cross-sectiontimes branching ratio are derived as function of the 𝐻 + mass.The 95% confidence level (CL) upper limits on 𝜎 ( 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + ) × B ( 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 ) obtained using the CL S method are presented in Figure 6. Uncertainties in the predicted 𝐻 + cross-sections or branching ratiosare not included. The observed (expected) limits range from 𝜎 × B = . ( . ) pb at 𝑚 𝐻 + =
200 GeV to 𝜎 × B = . ( . ) pb at 𝑚 𝐻 + = 𝛽 as a function of 𝑚 𝐻 + for various benchmark scenariosin the MSSM. In the hMSSM framework, effective couplings of the lighter Higgs boson to the top quark,bottom quark and vector bosons are derived from fits to LHC data on the production and decay rates of theobserved Higgs boson, including the limits from the search for heavier neutral and charged Higgs bosonstates. The 𝑀 ℎ , 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜒 ) , 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜏 ) , 𝑀 ℎ ( alignment ) and 𝑀 ℎ ( CPV ) scenarios also feature a scalarparticle with mass and couplings compatible with those of the observed Higgs boson, and force a significantportion of their parameter space to be compatible with the limits from searches for supersymmetric particles.In the 𝑀 ℎ scenario, all supersymmetric particles are relatively heavy and the decays of the MSSM Higgsbosons are essentially unaffected, whereas the 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜒 ) and 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜏 ) models include either light charginosand neutralinos ( 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜒 ) ) or light staus ( 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜏 ) ). In both cases a charged Higgs boson of sufficientlyhigh mass is allowed to decay into the supersymmetric particles. Finally, the value of tan 𝛽 in both the15 able 5: Event yields of the 𝐻 + signal and SM background processes in the four analysis regions after the fit tothe data under the 𝐻 + mass hypotheses of 200 GeV (top) and 800 GeV (bottom). The quoted uncertainties takeinto account correlations and constraints of the nuisance parameters and include both the statistical and systematicuncertainties. The signal yield uncertainty includes the uncertainty of the 𝜎 ( 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + ) × B ( 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 ) valuesfitted under the 200 or 800 GeV 𝐻 + mass hypotheses. Negative correlations among 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light, 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 and 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 modelling uncertainties can cause the uncertainty on the total yields to be smaller than on individual components. 𝑚 𝐻 + = 200 GeV hypothesis5j, 3b 5j, ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light 45000 ± ±
110 32000 ± ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 ± ±
220 40200 ± ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 ± ±
140 19000 ± ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + 𝑊 ±
15 3.2 ± ±
35 16.2 ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + 𝑍 ±
40 51 ± ±
90 174 ± 𝑊𝑡 -channel 2300 ±
600 80 ±
50 1900 ±
800 150 ± 𝑡 -channel 740 ±
300 51 ±
20 500 ±
400 60 ± ±
16 17.5 ± ±
70 58 ± 𝑉𝑉 & 𝑉 + jets 1600 ±
600 65 ±
23 1600 ±
600 120 ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝐻 ±
60 127 ±
19 1140 ±
120 430 ± 𝐻 + ±
900 70 ±
90 700 ± ± ± ±
140 98400 ± ± 𝑚 𝐻 + = 800 GeV hypothesis5j, 3b 5j, ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + light 46000 ± ±
120 33000 ± ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑏 ± ±
210 41000 ± ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + ≥ 𝑐 ± ±
190 17000 ± ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + 𝑊 ±
15 3.3 ± ±
35 16.0 ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡 + 𝑍 ±
40 50 ± ±
90 171 ± 𝑊𝑡 -channel 2000 ±
500 56 ±
33 1400 ±
500 100 ± 𝑡 -channel 740 ±
300 53 ±
21 600 ±
500 70 ± ±
16 17.7 ± ±
70 61 ± 𝑉𝑉 & 𝑉 + jets 1900 ±
700 73 ±
25 1700 ±
600 130 ± 𝑡 ¯ 𝑡𝐻 ±
60 125 ±
19 1130 ±
120 420 ± 𝐻 + ±
80 4 ±
10 70 ±
180 20 ± ± ±
140 97800 ± ± E v en t s Data 200 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbsl+jets, 5j 3bPost-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (a) 5j3b E v en t s Data 200 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ l+jets, 5j Post-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (b) 5j ≥ E v en t s Data 200 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 6j 3b ‡ l+jets, Post-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (c) ≥ E v en t s Data 200 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ ‡ l+jets, Post-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (d) ≥ ≥ E v en t s Data 800 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbsl+jets, 5j 3bPost-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (e) 5j3b E v en t s Data 800 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ l+jets, 5j Post-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (f) 5j ≥ E v en t s Data 800 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 6j 3b ‡ l+jets, Post-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (g) ≥ E v en t s Data 800 GeV + H + lighttt 1c ‡ + tt 1b ‡ + tt + Xtt tnon-tUncertainty ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 139 fbs 4b ‡ ‡ l+jets, Post-fit NN output D a t a / P r ed . (h) ≥ ≥ Figure 5: Distributions of the NN output after the fit for the 200 GeV (top) and 800 GeV (bottom) 𝐻 + mass hypothesesin the four analysis regions. The lower panels display the ratio of the data to the total prediction. The hatched bandsshow the uncertainties after the fit. 𝑀 ℎ ( alignment ) scenario, characterised by one of the two neutral CP-even scalars having couplings likethose of the SM Higgs boson, and the 𝑀 ℎ ( CPV ) scenario, which includes CP violation in the Higgssector, is already constrained to be in the range 1–20 by previous searches at the LHC [34]. Uncertainties inthe predicted 𝐻 + cross-sections or branching ratios are not included in the limits. For all scenarios exceptthe hMSSM, Higgs boson masses and mixing (and effective Yukawa couplings) have been calculated withthe code Feynhiggs [128–134]. Whereas in the hMSSM the branching ratios are computed solely withHDECAY [135, 136], all other scenarios combine the most precise results of FeynHiggs, HDECAY andPROPHECY4f [137, 138].In the context of these scenarios, tan 𝛽 values below 1 are observed to be excluded at 95% CL for 𝐻 + masses between 200 and ∼
790 GeV. High values of tan 𝛽 between 34 and 60 are excluded in a similarmass range in the hMSSM and 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜒 ) models. The most stringent limit, tan 𝛽 < . 𝐻 + mass hypothesis of 225 GeV in the hMSSM and for the 250 GeV 𝐻 + mass hypothesisin the 𝑀 ℎ , 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜒 ) , 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜏 ) , 𝑀 ℎ (alignment) and 𝑀 ℎ (CPV) models.17
00 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 [GeV] + H m - -
10 110 t b ) [ pb ] fi + B ( H · ) + t b H fi ( pp s -1 =13 TeV, 139 fbs s
95% observed CL s
95% expected CL s – Expected s – Expected result -1
95% obs. 36 fb result -1
95% exp. 36 fb = 0.5 b hMSSM tan = 1 b hMSSM tan ATLAS
Figure 6: Observed and expected upper limits for the production of 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 in association with a top quark anda bottom quark. The bands surrounding the expected limit show the 68% and 95% confidence intervals. The redlines show the observed and expected 95% CL exclusion limits obtained with the 36 fb − data sample [24]. Theorypredictions are shown for two representative values of tan 𝛽 in the hMSSM benchmark scenario. Uncertainties in thepredicted 𝐻 + cross-sections or branching ratios are not considered.
00 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 [GeV] + H m0.612310203040 b t an exclusions s
95% CLObservedExpected s – Expected s – Expected -1 Observed 36 fb -1 Expected 36 fb
ATLAS -1
139 fb = 13 TeVshMSSM tb fi + H (a)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 [GeV] + H m0.612310203040 b t an exclusions s
95% CLObservedExpected s – Expected s – Expected
ATLAS -1
139 fb = 13 TeVs
M tb fi + H (b)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 [GeV] + H m0.612310203040 b t an exclusions s
95% CLObservedExpected s – Expected s – Expected
ATLAS -1
139 fb = 13 TeVs ) c~ ( M tb fi + H (c)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 [GeV] + H m0.612310203040 b t an exclusions s
95% CLObservedExpected s – Expected s – Expected
ATLAS -1
139 fb = 13 TeVs ) t~ ( M tb fi + H (d)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 [GeV] + H m123451020 b t an exclusions s
95% CLObservedExpected s – Expected s – Expected
ATLAS -1
139 fb = 13 TeVs (alignment)
M tb fi + H (e)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 [GeV] + H m123451020 b t an exclusions s
95% CLObservedExpected s – Expected s – Expected
ATLAS -1
139 fb = 13 TeVs (CPV) h M tb fi + H (f) Figure 7: Observed and expected limits on tan 𝛽 as a function of 𝑚 𝐻 + in various scenarios: (a) hMSSM, (b) 𝑀 ℎ ,(c) 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜒 ) , (d) 𝑀 ℎ ( ˜ 𝜏 ) , (e) 𝑀 ℎ (alignment) and (f) 𝑀 ℎ (CPV). Limits are shown for tan 𝛽 values in the range of0.5–60 or 1–20 depending on the availability of model predictions. The bands surrounding the expected limits showthe 68% and 95% confidence intervals. Uncertainties in the predicted 𝐻 + cross-sections or branching ratios are notconsidered. Conclusion
A search for charged Higgs bosons is presented using a data sample corresponding to an integratedluminosity of 139 fb − from proton–proton collisions at √ 𝑠 =
13 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detectorat the LHC. The search for 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + is performed in the 𝐻 + mass range 200–2000 GeV. A neuralnetwork which combines several kinematic variables is built in the regions where the signal rate is expectedto be largest. The neural network output depends on the 𝐻 + mass, and a fit to the data is performedsimultaneously on the neural network output distributions in the analysis regions, separately for each signalmass hypothesis.No significant excess above the expected Standard Model background is found and observed (expected)upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the 𝜎 ( 𝑝 𝑝 → 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + ) production cross-section timesthe branching ratio B ( 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 ) , which range from 𝜎 × B = . ( . ) pb at 𝑚 𝐻 + =
200 GeV to 𝜎 × B = . ( . ) pb at 𝑚 𝐻 + = 𝑡𝑏𝐻 + productionfollowed by 𝐻 + → 𝑡𝑏 decays with 36 fb − , the observed 𝜎 × B limits improved by 5% to 70%, dependingon the 𝐻 + mass. In the low 𝐻 + mass region the measurement is dominated by systematic uncertainties,while in the high 𝐻 + mass region the use of tighter lepton triggers and refined 𝑏 -tagging techniques, alongwith the 𝐻 + mass-independent training of the neural network, leads to an improvement beyond the simplestatistical scaling due to the larger data sample.In the context of the hMSSM and several 𝑀 ℎ scenarios, some values of tan 𝛽 , in the range 0.5–2.1, areexcluded for 𝐻 + masses between 200 and 1200 GeV. For 𝐻 + masses between ∼
200 and ∼
750 GeV, valuesof tan 𝛽 >
34 are also excluded.
Acknowledgements
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from ourinstitutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF,Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada;CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPOCR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU,France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR,China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO,Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MESof Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia;DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF andCantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOEand NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received supportfrom BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada, CRC and IVADO, Canada; Beijing Municipal Science &Technology Commission, China; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions,European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex, Investissements d’Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFGand AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF andthe Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme20eneralitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; GöranGustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular fromCERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3(France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC(Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resourceproviders. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [139].21 eferences [1] ATLAS Collaboration,
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El Jarrari , V. Ellajosyula , M. Ellert , F. Ellinghaus ,A.A. Elliot , N. Ellis , J. Elmsheuser , M. Elsing , D. Emeliyanov , A. Emerman , Y. Enari ,M.B. Epland , J. Erdmann , A. Ereditato , P.A. Erland , M. Errenst , M. Escalier , C. Escobar ,O. Estrada Pastor , E. Etzion , G. Evans , H. Evans , M.O. Evans , A. Ezhilov , F. Fabbri ,L. Fabbri , V. Fabiani , G. Facini , R.M. Fakhrutdinov , S. Falciano , P.J. Falke , S. Falke ,J. Faltova , Y. Fang , Y. Fang , G. Fanourakis , M. Fanti , M. Faraj , A. Farbin ,A. Farilla , E.M. Farina , T. Farooque , S.M. Farrington , P. Farthouat , F. Fassi ,P. Fassnacht , D. Fassouliotis , M. Faucci Giannelli , W.J. Fawcett , L. Fayard , O.L. Fedin ,W. Fedorko , A. Fehr , M. Feickert , L. Feligioni , A. Fell , C. Feng , M. Feng ,M.J. Fenton , A.B. Fenyuk , S.W. Ferguson , J. Ferrando , A. Ferrari , P. Ferrari , R. Ferrari ,D.E. Ferreira de Lima , A. Ferrer , D. Ferrere , C. Ferretti , F. Fiedler , A. Filipčič ,F. Filthaut , K.D. Finelli , M.C.N. Fiolhais , L. Fiorini , F. Fischer , J. Fischer ,W.C. Fisher , T. Fitschen , I. Fleck , P. Fleischmann , T. Flick , B.M. Flierl , L. Flores ,L.R. Flores Castillo , F.M. Follega , N. Fomin , J.H. Foo , G.T. Forcolin , B.C. Forland ,A. Formica , F.A. Förster , A.C. Forti , E. Fortin , M.G. Foti , D. Fournier , H. Fox ,P. Francavilla , S. Francescato , M. Franchini , S. Franchino , D. Francis , L. Franco ,L. Franconi , M. Franklin , G. Frattari , A.N. Fray , P.M. Freeman , B. Freund ,W.S. Freund , E.M. Freundlich , D.C. Frizzell , D. Froidevaux , J.A. Frost , M. Fujimoto ,C. Fukunaga , E. Fullana Torregrosa , T. Fusayasu , J. Fuster , A. Gabrielli , A. Gabrielli ,S. Gadatsch , P. Gadow , G. Gagliardi , L.G. Gagnon , G.E. Gallardo , E.J. Gallas ,B.J. Gallop , R. Gamboa Goni , K.K. Gan , S. Ganguly , J. Gao , Y. Gao , Y.S. Gao ,F.M. Garay Walls , C. García , J.E. García Navarro , J.A. García Pascual , C. Garcia-Argos ,33. Garcia-Sciveres , R.W. Gardner , N. Garelli , S. Gargiulo , C.A. Garner , V. Garonne ,S.J. Gasiorowski , P. Gaspar , A. Gaudiello , G. Gaudio , P. Gauzzi , I.L. Gavrilenko ,A. Gavrilyuk , C. Gay , G. Gaycken , E.N. Gazis , A.A. Geanta , C.M. Gee , C.N.P. Gee ,J. Geisen , M. Geisen , C. Gemme , M.H. Genest , C. Geng , S. Gentile , S. George ,T. Geralis , L.O. Gerlach , P. Gessinger-Befurt , G. Gessner , M. Ghasemi Bostanabad ,M. Ghneimat , A. Ghosh , A. Ghosh , B. Giacobbe , S. Giagu , N. Giangiacomi ,P. Giannetti , A. Giannini , G. Giannini , S.M. Gibson , M. Gignac , D.T. Gil , B.J. Gilbert ,D. Gillberg , G. Gilles , N.E.K. Gillwald , D.M. Gingrich , M.P. Giordani , P.F. Giraud ,G. Giugliarelli , D. Giugni , F. Giuli , S. Gkaitatzis , I. Gkialas , E.L. Gkougkousis ,P. Gkountoumis , L.K. Gladilin , C. Glasman , J. Glatzer , P.C.F. Glaysher , A. Glazov ,G.R. Gledhill , I. Gnesi , M. Goblirsch-Kolb , D. Godin , S. Goldfarb , T. Golling ,D. Golubkov , A. Gomes , R. Goncalves Gama , R. Gonçalo , G. Gonella ,L. Gonella , A. Gongadze , F. Gonnella , J.L. Gonski , S. González de la Hoz ,S. Gonzalez Fernandez , R. Gonzalez Lopez , C. Gonzalez Renteria , R. Gonzalez Suarez ,S. Gonzalez-Sevilla , G.R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez , L. Goossens , N.A. Gorasia , P.A. Gorbounov ,H.A. Gordon , B. Gorini , E. Gorini , A. Gorišek , A.T. Goshaw , M.I. Gostkin ,C.A. Gottardo , M. Gouighri , A.G. Goussiou , N. Govender , C. Goy , I. Grabowska-Bold ,E.C. Graham , J. Gramling , E. Gramstad , S. Grancagnolo , M. Grandi , V. Gratchev ,P.M. Gravila , F.G. Gravili , C. Gray , H.M. Gray , C. Grefe , K. Gregersen , I.M. Gregor ,P. Grenier , K. Grevtsov , C. Grieco , N.A. Grieser , A.A. Grillo , K. Grimm , S. Grinstein ,J.-F. Grivaz , S. Groh , E. Gross , J. Grosse-Knetter , Z.J. Grout , C. Grud , A. Grummer ,J.C. Grundy , L. Guan , W. Guan , C. Gubbels , J. Guenther , A. Guerguichon ,J.G.R. Guerrero Rojas , F. Guescini , D. Guest , R. Gugel , A. Guida , T. Guillemin ,S. Guindon , J. Guo , W. Guo , Y. Guo , Z. Guo , R. Gupta , S. Gurbuz , G. Gustavino ,M. Guth , P. Gutierrez , C. Gutschow , C. Guyot , C. Gwenlan , C.B. Gwilliam ,E.S. Haaland , A. Haas , C. Haber , H.K. Hadavand , A. Hadef , M. Haleem , J. Haley ,J.J. Hall , G. Halladjian , G.D. Hallewell , K. Hamano , H. Hamdaoui , M. Hamer ,G.N. Hamity , K. Han , L. Han , L. Han , S. Han , Y.F. Han , K. Hanagaki , M. Hance ,D.M. Handl , M.D. Hank , R. Hankache , E. Hansen , J.B. Hansen , J.D. Hansen ,M.C. Hansen , P.H. Hansen , E.C. Hanson , K. Hara , T. Harenberg , S. Harkusha ,P.F. Harrison , N.M. Hartman , N.M. Hartmann , Y. Hasegawa , A. Hasib , S. Hassani ,S. Haug , R. Hauser , M. Havranek , C.M. Hawkes , R.J. Hawkings , S. Hayashida ,D. Hayden , C. Hayes , R.L. Hayes , C.P. Hays , J.M. Hays , H.S. Hayward , S.J. Haywood ,F. He , Y. He , M.P. Heath , V. Hedberg , A.L. Heggelund , N.D. Hehir , C. Heidegger ,K.K. Heidegger , W.D. Heidorn , J. Heilman , S. Heim , T. Heim , B. Heinemann ,J.G. Heinlein , J.J. Heinrich , L. Heinrich , J. Hejbal , L. Helary , A. Held , S. Hellesund ,C.M. Helling , S. Hellman , C. Helsens , R.C.W. Henderson , L. Henkelmann ,A.M. Henriques Correia , H. Herde , Y. Hernández Jiménez , H. Herr , M.G. Herrmann ,T. Herrmann , G. Herten , R. Hertenberger , L. Hervas , G.G. Hesketh , N.P. Hessey , H. Hibi ,S. Higashino , E. Higón-Rodriguez , K. Hildebrand , J.C. Hill , K.K. Hill , K.H. Hiller ,S.J. Hillier , M. Hils , I. Hinchliffe , F. Hinterkeuser , M. Hirose , S. Hirose , D. Hirschbuehl ,B. Hiti , O. Hladik , J. Hobbs , R. Hobincu , N. Hod , M.C. Hodgkinson , A. Hoecker ,D. Hohn , D. Hohov , T. Holm , T.R. Holmes , M. Holzbock , L.B.A.H. Hommels , T.M. Hong ,J.C. Honig , A. Hönle , B.H. Hooberman , W.H. Hopkins , Y. Horii , P. Horn , L.A. Horyn ,S. Hou , A. Hoummada , J. Howarth , J. Hoya , M. Hrabovsky , J. Hrivnac , A. Hrynevich ,T. Hryn’ova , P.J. Hsu , S.-C. Hsu , Q. Hu , S. Hu , Y.F. Hu , D.P. Huang , X. Huang ,Y. Huang , Y. Huang , Z. Hubacek , F. Hubaut , M. Huebner , F. Huegging , T.B. Huffman ,34. Huhtinen , R. Hulsken , R.F.H. Hunter , N. Huseynov , J. Huston , J. Huth , R. Hyneman ,S. Hyrych , G. Iacobucci , G. Iakovidis , I. Ibragimov , L. Iconomidou-Fayard , P. Iengo ,R. Ignazzi , R. Iguchi , T. Iizawa , Y. Ikegami , M. Ikeno , N. Ilic , F. Iltzsche , H. Imam ,G. Introzzi , M. Iodice , K. Iordanidou , V. Ippolito , M.F. Isacson , M. Ishino ,W. Islam , C. Issever , S. Istin , J.M. Iturbe Ponce , R. Iuppa , A. Ivina , J.M. Izen ,V. Izzo , P. Jacka , P. Jackson , R.M. Jacobs , B.P. Jaeger , V. Jain , G. Jäkel , K.B. Jakobi ,K. Jakobs , T. Jakoubek , J. Jamieson , K.W. Janas , R. Jansky , M. Janus , P.A. Janus ,G. Jarlskog , A.E. Jaspan , N. Javadov , T. Javůrek , M. Javurkova , F. Jeanneau , L. Jeanty ,J. Jejelava , P. Jenni , N. Jeong , S. Jézéquel , J. Jia , Z. Jia , H. Jiang , Y. Jiang , Z. Jiang ,S. Jiggins , F.A. Jimenez Morales , J. Jimenez Pena , S. Jin , A. Jinaru , O. Jinnouchi ,H. Jivan , P. Johansson , K.A. Johns , C.A. Johnson , E. Jones , R.W.L. Jones , S.D. Jones ,T.J. Jones , J. Jovicevic , X. Ju , J.J. Junggeburth , A. Juste Rozas , A. Kaczmarska ,M. Kado , H. Kagan , M. Kagan , A. Kahn , C. Kahra , T. Kaji , E. Kajomovitz ,C.W. Kalderon , A. Kaluza , A. Kamenshchikov , M. Kaneda , N.J. Kang , S. Kang ,Y. Kano , J. Kanzaki , L.S. Kaplan , D. Kar , K. Karava , M.J. Kareem , I. Karkanias ,S.N. Karpov , Z.M. Karpova , V. Kartvelishvili , A.N. Karyukhin , E. Kasimi , A. Kastanas ,C. Kato , J. Katzy , K. Kawade , K. Kawagoe , T. Kawaguchi , T. Kawamoto , G. Kawamura ,E.F. Kay , F.I. Kaya , S. Kazakos , V.F. Kazanin , J.M. Keaveney , R. Keeler ,J.S. Keller , E. Kellermann , D. Kelsey , J.J. Kempster , J. Kendrick , K.E. Kennedy , O. Kepka ,S. Kersten , B.P. Kerševan , S. Ketabchi Haghighat , F. Khalil-Zada , M. Khandoga ,A. Khanov , A.G. Kharlamov , T. Kharlamova , E.E. Khoda , T.J. Khoo ,G. Khoriauli , E. Khramov , J. Khubua , S. Kido , M. Kiehn , E. Kim , Y.K. Kim ,N. Kimura , A. Kirchhoff , D. Kirchmeier , J. Kirk , A.E. Kiryunin , T. Kishimoto ,D.P. Kisliuk , V. Kitali , C. Kitsaki , O. Kivernyk , T. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus , M. Klassen ,C. Klein , M.H. Klein , M. Klein , U. Klein , K. Kleinknecht , P. Klimek , A. Klimentov ,F. Klimpel , T. Klingl , T. Klioutchnikova , F.F. Klitzner , P. Kluit , S. Kluth , E. Kneringer ,E.B.F.G. Knoops , A. Knue , D. Kobayashi , M. Kobel , M. Kocian , T. Kodama , P. Kodys ,D.M. Koeck , P.T. Koenig , T. Koffas , N.M. Köhler , M. Kolb , I. Koletsou , T. Komarek ,T. Kondo , K. Köneke , A.X.Y. Kong , A.C. König , T. Kono , V. Konstantinides ,N. Konstantinidis , B. Konya , R. Kopeliansky , S. Koperny , K. Korcyl , K. Kordas ,G. Koren , A. Korn , I. Korolkov , E.V. Korolkova , N. Korotkova , O. Kortner , S. Kortner ,V.V. Kostyukhin , A. Kotsokechagia , A. Kotwal , A. Koulouris ,A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi , C. Kourkoumelis , E. Kourlitis , V. Kouskoura , R. Kowalewski ,W. Kozanecki , A.S. Kozhin , V.A. Kramarenko , G. Kramberger , D. Krasnopevtsev ,M.W. Krasny , A. Krasznahorkay , D. Krauss , J.A. Kremer , J. Kretzschmar , K. Kreul ,P. Krieger , F. Krieter , S. Krishnamurthy , A. Krishnan , M. Krivos , K. Krizka ,K. Kroeninger , H. Kroha , J. Kroll , J. Kroll , K.S. Krowpman , U. Kruchonak , H. Krüger ,N. Krumnack , M.C. Kruse , J.A. Krzysiak , A. Kubota , O. Kuchinskaia , S. Kuday ,D. Kuechler , J.T. Kuechler , S. Kuehn , T. Kuhl , V. Kukhtin , Y. Kulchitsky , S. Kuleshov ,Y.P. Kulinich , M. Kuna , A. Kupco , T. Kupfer , O. Kuprash , H. Kurashige ,L.L. Kurchaninov , Y.A. Kurochkin , A. Kurova , M.G. Kurth , E.S. Kuwertz , M. Kuze ,A.K. Kvam , J. Kvita , T. Kwan , C. Lacasta , F. Lacava , D.P.J. Lack , H. Lacker ,D. Lacour , E. Ladygin , R. Lafaye , B. Laforge , T. Lagouri , S. Lai , I.K. Lakomiec ,J.E. Lambert , S. Lammers , W. Lampl , C. Lampoudis , E. Lançon , U. Landgraf ,M.P.J. Landon , V.S. Lang , J.C. Lange , R.J. Langenberg , A.J. Lankford , F. Lanni ,K. Lantzsch , A. Lanza , A. Lapertosa , J.F. Laporte , T. Lari , F. Lasagni Manghi ,M. Lassnig , V. Latonova , T.S. Lau , A. Laudrain , A. Laurier , M. Lavorgna ,35.D. Lawlor , M. Lazzaroni , B. Le , E. Le Guirriec , A. Lebedev , M. LeBlanc ,T. LeCompte , F. Ledroit-Guillon , A.C.A. Lee , C.A. Lee , G.R. Lee , L. Lee , S.C. Lee ,S. Lee , B. Lefebvre , H.P. Lefebvre , M. Lefebvre , C. Leggett , K. Lehmann , N. Lehmann ,G. Lehmann Miotto , W.A. Leight , A. Leisos , M.A.L. Leite , C.E. Leitgeb , R. Leitner ,K.J.C. Leney , T. Lenz , S. Leone , C. Leonidopoulos , A. Leopold , C. Leroy , R. Les ,C.G. Lester , M. Levchenko , J. Levêque , D. Levin , L.J. Levinson , D.J. Lewis , B. Li ,B. Li , C-Q. Li , F. Li , H. Li , H. Li , J. Li , K. Li , L. Li , M. Li , Q.Y. Li ,S. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , Z. Li , Z. Li , Z. Li , Z. Liang , M. Liberatore ,B. Liberti , K. Lie , S. Lim , C.Y. Lin , K. Lin , R.A. Linck , R.E. Lindley , J.H. Lindon ,A. Linss , A.L. Lionti , E. Lipeles , A. Lipniacka , T.M. Liss , A. Lister , J.D. Little , B. Liu ,B.X. Liu , H.B. Liu , J.B. Liu , J.K.K. Liu , K. Liu , M. Liu , M.Y. Liu , P. Liu ,X. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. Liu , Y.L. Liu , Y.W. Liu , M. Livan , A. Lleres ,J. Llorente Merino , S.L. Lloyd , C.Y. Lo , E.M. Lobodzinska , P. Loch , S. Loffredo ,T. Lohse , K. Lohwasser , M. Lokajicek , J.D. Long , R.E. Long , I. Longarini , L. Longo ,I. Lopez Paz , A. Lopez Solis , J. Lorenz , N. Lorenzo Martinez , A.M. Lory , A. Lösle ,X. Lou , X. Lou , A. Lounis , J. Love , P.A. Love , J.J. Lozano Bahilo , M. Lu , Y.J. Lu ,H.J. Lubatti , C. Luci , F.L. Lucio Alves , A. Lucotte , F. Luehring , I. Luise ,L. Luminari , B. Lund-Jensen , N.A. Luongo , M.S. Lutz , D. Lynn , H. Lyons , R. Lysak ,E. Lytken , F. Lyu , V. Lyubushkin , T. Lyubushkina , H. Ma , L.L. Ma , Y. Ma ,D.M. Mac Donell , G. Maccarrone , C.M. Macdonald , J.C. MacDonald , J. Machado Miguens ,R. Madar , W.F. Mader , M. Madugoda Ralalage Don , N. Madysa , J. Maeda , T. Maeno ,M. Maerker , V. Magerl , N. Magini , J. Magro , D.J. Mahon , C. Maidantchik ,A. Maio , K. Maj , O. Majersky , S. Majewski , Y. Makida , N. Makovec ,B. Malaescu , Pa. Malecki , V.P. Maleev , F. Malek , D. Malito , U. Mallik , C. Malone ,S. Maltezos , S. Malyukov , J. Mamuzic , G. Mancini , J.P. Mandalia , I. Mandić ,L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho , I.M. Maniatis , J. Manjarres Ramos , K.H. Mankinen , A. Mann ,A. Manousos , B. Mansoulie , I. Manthos , S. Manzoni , A. Marantis , G. Marceca ,L. Marchese , G. Marchiori , M. Marcisovsky , L. Marcoccia , C. Marcon , M. Marjanovic ,Z. Marshall , M.U.F. Martensson , S. Marti-Garcia , C.B. Martin , T.A. Martin , V.J. Martin ,B. Martin dit Latour , L. Martinelli , M. Martinez , P. Martinez Agullo ,V.I. Martinez Outschoorn , S. Martin-Haugh , V.S. Martoiu , A.C. Martyniuk , A. Marzin ,S.R. Maschek , L. Masetti , T. Mashimo , R. Mashinistov , J. Masik , A.L. Maslennikov ,L. Massa , P. Massarotti , P. Mastrandrea , A. Mastroberardino , T. Masubuchi ,D. Matakias , A. Matic , N. Matsuzawa , P. Mättig , J. Maurer , B. Maček ,D.A. Maximov , R. Mazini , I. Maznas , S.M. Mazza , J.P. Mc Gowan , S.P. Mc Kee ,T.G. McCarthy , W.P. McCormack , E.F. McDonald , A.E. McDougall , J.A. Mcfayden ,G. Mchedlidze , M.A. McKay , K.D. McLean , S.J. McMahon , P.C. McNamara ,C.J. McNicol , R.A. McPherson , J.E. Mdhluli , Z.A. Meadows , S. Meehan , T. Megy ,S. Mehlhase , A. Mehta , B. Meirose , D. Melini , B.R. Mellado Garcia , J.D. Mellenthin ,M. Melo , F. Meloni , A. Melzer , E.D. Mendes Gouveia , A.M. Mendes Jacques Da Costa ,H.Y. Meng , L. Meng , X.T. Meng , S. Menke , E. Meoni , S. Mergelmeyer ,S.A.M. Merkt , C. Merlassino , P. Mermod , L. Merola , C. Meroni , G. Merz ,O. Meshkov , J.K.R. Meshreki , J. Metcalfe , A.S. Mete , C. Meyer , J-P. Meyer ,M. Michetti , R.P. Middleton , L. Mijović , G. Mikenberg , M. Mikestikova , M. Mikuž ,H. Mildner , A. Milic , C.D. Milke , D.W. Miller , L.S. Miller , A. Milov , D.A. Milstead ,A.A. Minaenko , I.A. Minashvili , L. Mince , A.I. Mincer , B. Mindur , M. Mineev ,Y. Minegishi , Y. Mino , L.M. Mir , M. Mironova , T. Mitani , J. Mitrevski , V.A. Mitsou ,36. Mittal , O. Miu , A. Miucci , P.S. Miyagawa , A. Mizukami , J.U. Mjörnmark ,T. Mkrtchyan , M. Mlynarikova , T. Moa , S. Mobius , K. Mochizuki , P. Moder ,P. Mogg , S. Mohapatra , R. Moles-Valls , K. Mönig , E. Monnier , A. Montalbano ,J. Montejo Berlingen , M. Montella , F. Monticelli , S. Monzani , N. Morange ,A.L. Moreira De Carvalho , D. Moreno , M. Moreno Llácer , C. Moreno Martinez ,P. Morettini , M. Morgenstern , S. Morgenstern , D. Mori , M. Morii , M. Morinaga ,V. Morisbak , A.K. Morley , G. Mornacchi , A.P. Morris , L. Morvaj , P. Moschovakos ,B. Moser , M. Mosidze , T. Moskalets , P. Moskvitina , J. Moss , E.J.W. Moyse ,S. Muanza , J. Mueller , R.S.P. Mueller , D. Muenstermann , G.A. Mullier , D.P. Mungo ,J.L. Munoz Martinez , F.J. Munoz Sanchez , P. Murin , W.J. Murray , A. Murrone ,J.M. Muse , M. Muškinja , C. Mwewa , A.G. Myagkov , A.A. Myers , G. Myers , J. Myers ,M. Myska , B.P. Nachman , O. Nackenhorst , A.Nag Nag , K. Nagai , K. Nagano , Y. Nagasaka ,J.L. Nagle , E. Nagy , A.M. Nairz , Y. Nakahama , K. Nakamura , T. Nakamura , H. Nanjo ,F. Napolitano , R.F. Naranjo Garcia , R. Narayan , I. Naryshkin , M. Naseri , T. Naumann ,G. Navarro , P.Y. Nechaeva , F. Nechansky , T.J. Neep , A. Negri , M. Negrini , C. Nellist ,C. Nelson , M.E. Nelson , S. Nemecek , M. Nessi , M.S. Neubauer , F. Neuhaus ,M. Neumann , R. Newhouse , P.R. Newman , C.W. Ng , Y.S. Ng , Y.W.Y. Ng , B. Ngair ,H.D.N. Nguyen , T. Nguyen Manh , E. Nibigira , R.B. Nickerson , R. Nicolaidou ,D.S. Nielsen , J. Nielsen , M. Niemeyer , N. Nikiforou , V. Nikolaenko , I. Nikolic-Audit ,K. Nikolopoulos , P. Nilsson , H.R. Nindhito , A. Nisati , N. Nishu , R. Nisius , I. Nitsche ,T. Nitta , T. Nobe , D.L. Noel , Y. Noguchi , I. Nomidis , M.A. Nomura , M. Nordberg ,J. Novak , T. Novak , O. Novgorodova , R. Novotny , L. Nozka , K. Ntekas , E. Nurse ,F.G. Oakham , J. Ocariz , A. Ochi , I. Ochoa , J.P. Ochoa-Ricoux , K. O’Connor , S. Oda ,S. Odaka , S. Oerdek , A. Ogrodnik , A. Oh , C.C. Ohm , H. Oide , R. Oishi , M.L. Ojeda ,H. Okawa , Y. Okazaki , M.W. O’Keefe , Y. Okumura , A. Olariu , L.F. Oleiro Seabra ,S.A. Olivares Pino , D. Oliveira Damazio , J.L. Oliver , M.J.R. Olsson , A. Olszewski ,J. Olszowska , Ö.O. Öncel , D.C. O’Neil , A.P. O’neill , A. Onofre , P.U.E. Onyisi ,H. Oppen , R.G. Oreamuno Madriz , M.J. Oreglia , G.E. Orellana , D. Orestano ,N. Orlando , R.S. Orr , V. O’Shea , R. Ospanov , G. Otero y Garzon , H. Otono , P.S. Ott ,G.J. Ottino , M. Ouchrif , J. Ouellette , F. Ould-Saada , A. Ouraou , Q. Ouyang , M. Owen ,R.E. Owen , V.E. Ozcan , N. Ozturk , J. Pacalt , H.A. Pacey , K. Pachal , A. Pacheco Pages ,C. Padilla Aranda , S. Pagan Griso , G. Palacino , S. Palazzo , S. Palestini , M. Palka , P. Palni ,C.E. Pandini , J.G. Panduro Vazquez , P. Pani , G. Panizzo , L. Paolozzi , C. Papadatos ,K. Papageorgiou , S. Parajuli , A. Paramonov , C. Paraskevopoulos , D. Paredes Hernandez ,S.R. Paredes Saenz , B. Parida , T.H. Park , A.J. Parker , M.A. Parker , F. Parodi ,E.W. Parrish , J.A. Parsons , U. Parzefall , L. Pascual Dominguez , V.R. Pascuzzi ,J.M.P. Pasner , F. Pasquali , E. Pasqualucci , S. Passaggio , F. Pastore , P. Pasuwan ,S. Pataraia , J.R. Pater , A. Pathak , J. Patton , T. Pauly , J. Pearkes , M. Pedersen ,L. Pedraza Diaz , R. Pedro , T. Peiffer , S.V. Peleganchuk , O. Penc , C. Peng ,H. Peng , B.S. Peralva , M.M. Perego , A.P. Pereira Peixoto , L. Pereira Sanchez ,D.V. Perepelitsa , E. Perez Codina , L. Perini , H. Pernegger , S. Perrella , A. Perrevoort ,K. Peters , R.F.Y. Peters , B.A. Petersen , T.C. Petersen , E. Petit , V. Petousis , C. Petridou ,F. Petrucci , M. Pettee , N.E. Pettersson , K. Petukhova , A. Peyaud , R. Pezoa ,L. Pezzotti , T. Pham , P.W. Phillips , M.W. Phipps , G. Piacquadio , E. Pianori ,A. Picazio , R.H. Pickles , R. Piegaia , D. Pietreanu , J.E. Pilcher , A.D. Pilkington ,M. Pinamonti , J.L. Pinfold , C. Pitman Donaldson , M. Pitt , L. Pizzimento , A. Pizzini ,M.-A. Pleier , V. Plesanovs , V. Pleskot , E. Plotnikova , P. Podberezko , R. Poettgen ,37. Poggi , L. Poggioli , I. Pogrebnyak , D. Pohl , I. Pokharel , G. Polesello , A. Poley ,A. Policicchio , R. Polifka , A. Polini , C.S. Pollard , V. Polychronakos , D. Ponomarenko ,L. Pontecorvo , S. Popa , G.A. Popeneciu , L. Portales , D.M. Portillo Quintero , S. Pospisil ,K. Potamianos , I.N. Potrap , C.J. Potter , H. Potti , T. Poulsen , J. Poveda , T.D. Powell ,G. Pownall , M.E. Pozo Astigarraga , A. Prades Ibanez , P. Pralavorio , M.M. Prapa , S. Prell ,D. Price , M. Primavera , M.L. Proffitt , N. Proklova , K. Prokofiev , F. Prokoshin ,S. Protopopescu , J. Proudfoot , M. Przybycien , D. Pudzha , A. Puri , P. Puzo ,D. Pyatiizbyantseva , J. Qian , Y. Qin , A. Quadt , M. Queitsch-Maitland , G. Rabanal Bolanos ,M. Racko , F. Ragusa , G. Rahal , J.A. Raine , S. Rajagopalan , A. Ramirez Morales ,K. Ran , D.F. Rassloff , D.M. Rauch , F. Rauscher , S. Rave , B. Ravina , I. Ravinovich ,J.H. Rawling , M. Raymond , A.L. Read , N.P. Readioff , M. Reale , D.M. Rebuzzi ,G. Redlinger , K. Reeves , D. Reikher , A. Reiss , A. Rej , C. Rembser , A. Renardi ,M. Renda , M.B. Rendel , A.G. Rennie , S. Resconi , E.D. Resseguie , S. Rettie , B. Reynolds ,E. Reynolds , O.L. Rezanova , P. Reznicek , E. Ricci , R. Richter , S. Richter ,E. Richter-Was , M. Ridel , P. Rieck , O. Rifki , M. Rijssenbeek , A. Rimoldi ,M. Rimoldi , L. Rinaldi , T.T. Rinn , G. Ripellino , I. Riu , P. Rivadeneira ,J.C. Rivera Vergara , F. Rizatdinova , E. Rizvi , C. Rizzi , S.H. Robertson , M. Robin ,D. Robinson , C.M. Robles Gajardo , M. Robles Manzano , A. Robson , A. Rocchi ,C. Roda , S. Rodriguez Bosca , A. Rodriguez Rodriguez , A.M. Rodríguez Vera , S. Roe ,J. Roggel , O. Røhne , R. Röhrig , R.A. Rojas , B. Roland , C.P.A. Roland , J. Roloff ,A. Romaniouk , M. Romano , N. Rompotis , M. Ronzani , L. Roos , S. Rosati , G. Rosin ,B.J. Rosser , E. Rossi , E. Rossi , E. Rossi , L.P. Rossi , L. Rossini , R. Rosten ,M. Rotaru , B. Rottler , D. Rousseau , G. Rovelli , A. Roy , D. Roy , A. Rozanov ,Y. Rozen , X. Ruan , T.A. Ruggeri , F. Rühr , A. Ruiz-Martinez , A. Rummler , Z. Rurikova ,N.A. Rusakovich , H.L. Russell , L. Rustige , J.P. Rutherfoord , E.M. Rüttinger , M. Rybar ,G. Rybkin , E.B. Rye , A. Ryzhov , J.A. Sabater Iglesias , P. Sabatini , L. Sabetta ,S. Sacerdoti , H.F-W. Sadrozinski , R. Sadykov , F. Safai Tehrani , B. Safarzadeh Samani ,M. Safdari , P. Saha , S. Saha , M. Sahinsoy , A. Sahu , M. Saimpert , M. Saito , T. Saito ,H. Sakamoto , D. Salamani , G. Salamanna , A. Salnikov , J. Salt , A. Salvador Salas ,D. Salvatore , F. Salvatore , A. Salvucci , A. Salzburger , J. Samarati , D. Sammel ,D. Sampsonidis , D. Sampsonidou , J. Sánchez , A. Sanchez Pineda , H. Sandaker ,C.O. Sander , I.G. Sanderswood , M. Sandhoff , C. Sandoval , D.P.C. Sankey , M. Sannino ,Y. Sano , A. Sansoni , C. Santoni , H. Santos , S.N. Santpur , A. Santra , K.A. Saoucha ,A. Sapronov , J.G. Saraiva , O. Sasaki , K. Sato , F. Sauerburger , E. Sauvan , P. Savard ,R. Sawada , C. Sawyer , L. Sawyer , I. Sayago Galvan , C. Sbarra , A. Sbrizzi ,T. Scanlon , J. Schaarschmidt , P. Schacht , D. Schaefer , L. Schaefer , U. Schäfer ,A.C. Schaffer , D. Schaile , R.D. Schamberger , E. Schanet , C. Scharf , N. Scharmberg ,V.A. Schegelsky , D. Scheirich , F. Schenck , M. Schernau , C. Schiavi , L.K. Schildgen ,Z.M. Schillaci , E.J. Schioppa , M. Schioppa , K.E. Schleicher , S. Schlenker ,K.R. Schmidt-Sommerfeld , K. Schmieden , C. Schmitt , S. Schmitt , L. Schoeffel ,A. Schoening , P.G. Scholer , E. Schopf , M. Schott , J.F.P. Schouwenberg , J. Schovancova ,S. Schramm , F. Schroeder , A. Schulte , H-C. Schultz-Coulon , M. Schumacher ,B.A. Schumm , Ph. Schune , A. Schwartzman , T.A. Schwarz , Ph. Schwemling ,R. Schwienhorst , A. Sciandra , G. Sciolla , F. Scuri , F. Scutti , L.M. Scyboz ,C.D. Sebastiani , K. Sedlaczek , P. Seema , S.C. Seidel , A. Seiden , B.D. Seidlitz , T. Seiss ,C. Seitz , J.M. Seixas , G. Sekhniaidze , S.J. Sekula , N. Semprini-Cesari , S. Sen ,C. Serfon , L. Serin , L. Serkin , M. Sessa , H. Severini , S. Sevova , F. Sforza ,38. Sfyrla , E. Shabalina , J.D. Shahinian , N.W. Shaikh , D. Shaked Renous , L.Y. Shan ,M. Shapiro , A. Sharma , A.S. Sharma , P.B. Shatalov , K. Shaw , S.M. Shaw , M. Shehade ,Y. Shen , A.D. Sherman , P. Sherwood , L. Shi , C.O. Shimmin , Y. Shimogama ,M. Shimojima , J.D. Shinner , I.P.J. Shipsey , S. Shirabe , M. Shiyakova , J. Shlomi ,A. Shmeleva , M.J. Shochet , J. Shojaii , D.R. Shope , S. Shrestha , E.M. Shrif , M.J. Shroff ,E. Shulga , P. Sicho , A.M. Sickles , E. Sideras Haddad , O. Sidiropoulou , A. Sidoti ,F. Siegert , Dj. Sijacki , M.Jr. Silva , M.V. Silva Oliveira , S.B. Silverstein , S. Simion ,R. Simoniello , C.J. Simpson-allsop , S. Simsek , P. Sinervo , V. Sinetckii , S. Singh ,S. Sinha , M. Sioli , I. Siral , S.Yu. Sivoklokov , J. Sjölin , A. Skaf , E. Skorda ,P. Skubic , M. Slawinska , K. Sliwa , V. Smakhtin , B.H. Smart , J. Smiesko , N. Smirnov ,S.Yu. Smirnov , Y. Smirnov , L.N. Smirnova , O. Smirnova , E.A. Smith , H.A. Smith ,M. Smizanska , K. Smolek , A. Smykiewicz , A.A. Snesarev , H.L. Snoek , I.M. Snyder ,S. Snyder , R. Sobie , A. Soffer , A. Søgaard , F. Sohns , C.A. Solans Sanchez ,E.Yu. Soldatov , U. Soldevila , A.A. Solodkov , A. Soloshenko , O.V. Solovyanov ,V. Solovyev , P. Sommer , H. Son , A. Sonay , W. Song , W.Y. Song , A. Sopczak ,A.L. Sopio , F. Sopkova , S. Sottocornola , R. Soualah , A.M. Soukharev , D. South ,S. Spagnolo , M. Spalla , M. Spangenberg , F. Spanò , D. Sperlich , T.M. Spieker ,G. Spigo , M. Spina , D.P. Spiteri , M. Spousta , A. Stabile , B.L. Stamas , R. Stamen ,M. Stamenkovic , A. Stampekis , E. Stanecka , B. Stanislaus , M.M. Stanitzki , M. Stankaityte ,B. Stapf , E.A. Starchenko , G.H. Stark , J. Stark , P. Staroba , P. Starovoitov , S. Stärz ,R. Staszewski , G. Stavropoulos , M. Stegler , P. Steinberg , A.L. Steinhebel , B. Stelzer ,H.J. Stelzer , O. Stelzer-Chilton , H. Stenzel , T.J. Stevenson , G.A. Stewart , M.C. Stockton ,G. Stoicea , M. Stolarski , S. Stonjek , A. Straessner , J. Strandberg , S. Strandberg ,M. Strauss , T. Strebler , P. Strizenec , R. Ströhmer , D.M. Strom , R. Stroynowski ,A. Strubig , S.A. Stucci , B. Stugu , J. Stupak , N.A. Styles , D. Su , W. Su ,X. Su , N.B. Suarez , V.V. Sulin , M.J. Sullivan , D.M.S. Sultan , S. Sultansoy , T. Sumida ,S. Sun , X. Sun , C.J.E. Suster , M.R. Sutton , S. Suzuki , M. Svatos , M. Swiatlowski ,S.P. Swift , T. Swirski , A. Sydorenko , I. Sykora , M. Sykora , T. Sykora , D. Ta ,K. Tackmann , J. Taenzer , A. Taffard , R. Tafirout , E. Tagiev , R.H.M. Taibah ,R. Takashima , K. Takeda , T. Takeshita , E.P. Takeva , Y. Takubo , M. Talby ,A.A. Talyshev , K.C. Tam , N.M. Tamir , J. Tanaka , R. Tanaka , S. Tapia Araya ,S. Tapprogge , A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed , S. Tarem , K. Tariq , G. Tarna ,G.F. Tartarelli , P. Tas , M. Tasevsky , E. Tassi , G. Tateno , A. Tavares Delgado ,Y. Tayalati , A.J. Taylor , G.N. Taylor , W. Taylor , H. Teagle , A.S. Tee ,R. Teixeira De Lima , P. Teixeira-Dias , H. Ten Kate , J.J. Teoh , K. Terashi , J. Terron ,S. Terzo , M. Testa , R.J. Teuscher , N. Themistokleous , T. Theveneaux-Pelzer , D.W. Thomas ,J.P. Thomas , E.A. Thompson , P.D. Thompson , E. Thomson , E.J. Thorpe , V.O. Tikhomirov ,Yu.A. Tikhonov , S. Timoshenko , P. Tipton , S. Tisserant , K. Todome ,S. Todorova-Nova , S. Todt , J. Tojo , S. Tokár , K. Tokushuku , E. Tolley , R. Tombs ,K.G. Tomiwa , M. Tomoto , L. Tompkins , P. Tornambe , E. Torrence , H. Torres ,E. Torró Pastor , M. Toscani , C. Tosciri , J. Toth , D.R. Tovey , A. Traeet , C.J. Treado ,T. Trefzger , F. Tresoldi , A. Tricoli , I.M. Trigger , S. Trincaz-Duvoid , D.A. Trischuk ,W. Trischuk , B. Trocmé , A. Trofymov , C. Troncon , F. Trovato , L. Truong , M. Trzebinski ,A. Trzupek , F. Tsai , P.V. Tsiareshka , A. Tsirigotis , V. Tsiskaridze , E.G. Tskhadadze ,M. Tsopoulou , I.I. Tsukerman , V. Tsulaia , S. Tsuno , D. Tsybychev , Y. Tu , A. Tudorache ,V. Tudorache , A.N. Tuna , S. Turchikhin , D. Turgeman , I. Turk Cakir , R.J. Turner ,R. Turra , P.M. Tuts , S. Tzamarias , E. Tzovara , K. Uchida , F. Ukegawa , G. Unal ,39. Unal , A. Undrus , G. Unel , F.C. Ungaro , Y. Unno , K. Uno , J. Urban , P. Urquijo ,G. Usai , Z. Uysal , V. Vacek , B. Vachon , K.O.H. Vadla , T. Vafeiadis , A. Vaidya ,C. Valderanis , E. Valdes Santurio , M. Valente , S. Valentinetti , A. Valero , L. Valéry ,R.A. Vallance , A. Vallier , J.A. Valls Ferrer , T.R. Van Daalen , P. Van Gemmeren , S. Van Stroud ,I. Van Vulpen , M. Vanadia , W. Vandelli , M. Vandenbroucke , E.R. Vandewall ,D. Vannicola , R. Vari , E.W. Varnes , C. Varni , T. Varol , D. Varouchas , K.E. Varvell ,M.E. Vasile , G.A. Vasquez , F. Vazeille , D. Vazquez Furelos , T. Vazquez Schroeder , J. Veatch ,V. Vecchio , M.J. Veen , L.M. Veloce , F. Veloso , S. Veneziano , A. Ventura ,A. Verbytskyi , V. Vercesi , M. Verducci , C.M. Vergel Infante , C. Vergis , W. Verkerke ,A.T. Vermeulen , J.C. Vermeulen , C. Vernieri , P.J. Verschuuren , M.C. Vetterli ,N. Viaux Maira , T. Vickey , O.E. Vickey Boeriu , G.H.A. Viehhauser , L. Vigani ,M. Villa , M. Villaplana Perez , E.M. Villhauer , E. Vilucchi , M.G. Vincter , G.S. Virdee ,A. Vishwakarma , C. Vittori , I. Vivarelli , M. Vogel , P. Vokac , J. Von Ahnen ,S.E. von Buddenbrock , E. Von Toerne , V. Vorobel , K. Vorobev , M. Vos , J.H. Vossebeld ,M. Vozak , N. Vranjes , M. Vranjes Milosavljevic , V. Vrba , M. Vreeswijk , N.K. Vu ,R. Vuillermet , I. Vukotic , S. Wada , P. Wagner , W. Wagner , J. Wagner-Kuhr , S. Wahdan ,H. Wahlberg , R. Wakasa , V.M. Walbrecht , J. Walder , R. Walker , S.D. Walker ,W. Walkowiak , V. Wallangen , A.M. Wang , A.Z. Wang , C. Wang , C. Wang , H. Wang ,H. Wang , J. Wang , P. Wang , Q. Wang , R.-J. Wang , R. Wang , R. Wang , S.M. Wang ,W.T. Wang , W. Wang , W.X. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , C. Wanotayaroj , A. Warburton ,C.P. Ward , R.J. Ward , N. Warrack , A.T. Watson , M.F. Watson , G. Watts , B.M. Waugh ,A.F. Webb , C. Weber , M.S. Weber , S.A. Weber , S.M. Weber , Y. Wei , A.R. Weidberg ,J. Weingarten , M. Weirich , C. Weiser , P.S. Wells , T. Wenaus , B. Wendland , T. Wengler ,S. Wenig , N. Wermes , M. Wessels , T.D. Weston , K. Whalen , A.M. Wharton , A.S. White ,A. White , M.J. White , D. Whiteson , B.W. Whitmore , W. Wiedenmann , C. Wiel , M. Wielers ,N. Wieseotte , C. Wiglesworth , L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs , H.G. Wilkens , L.J. Wilkins ,D.M. Williams , H.H. Williams , S. Williams , S. Willocq , P.J. Windischhofer ,I. Wingerter-Seez , E. Winkels , F. Winklmeier , B.T. Winter , M. Wittgen , M. Wobisch ,A. Wolf , R. Wölker , J. Wollrath , M.W. Wolter , H. Wolters , V.W.S. Wong ,A.F. Wongel , N.L. Woods , S.D. Worm , B.K. Wosiek , K.W. Woźniak , K. Wraight , S.L. Wu ,X. Wu , Y. Wu , J. Wuerzinger , T.R. Wyatt , B.M. Wynne , S. Xella , J. Xiang , X. Xiao ,X. Xie , I. Xiotidis , D. Xu , H. Xu , H. Xu , L. Xu , R. Xu , T. Xu , W. Xu , Y. Xu ,Z. Xu , Z. Xu , B. Yabsley , S. Yacoob , D.P. Yallup , N. Yamaguchi , Y. Yamaguchi ,A. Yamamoto , M. Yamatani , T. Yamazaki , Y. Yamazaki , J. Yan , Z. Yan , H.J. Yang ,H.T. Yang , S. Yang , T. Yang , X. Yang , X. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Yang , W-M. Yao ,Y.C. Yap , H. Ye , J. Ye , S. Ye , I. Yeletskikh , M.R. Yexley , E. Yigitbasi , P. Yin , K. Yorita ,K. Yoshihara , C.J.S. Young , C. Young , J. Yu , R. Yuan , X. Yue , M. Zaazoua ,B. Zabinski , G. Zacharis , E. Zaffaroni , J. Zahreddine , A.M. Zaitsev , T. Zakareishvili ,N. Zakharchuk , S. Zambito , D. Zanzi , S.V. Zeißner , C. Zeitnitz , G. Zemaityte , J.C. Zeng ,O. Zenin , T. Ženiš , D. Zerwas , M. Zgubič , B. Zhang , D.F. Zhang , G. Zhang , J. Zhang ,K. Zhang , L. Zhang , L. Zhang , M. Zhang , R. Zhang , S. Zhang , X. Zhang , X. Zhang ,Y. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , P. Zhao , Y. Zhao , Z. Zhao , A. Zhemchugov ,Z. Zheng , D. Zhong , B. Zhou , C. Zhou , H. Zhou , M. Zhou , N. Zhou , Y. Zhou ,C.G. Zhu , C. Zhu , H.L. Zhu , H. Zhu , J. Zhu , Y. Zhu , X. Zhuang , K. Zhukov ,V. Zhulanov , D. Zieminska , N.I. Zimine , S. Zimmermann , Z. Zinonos , M. Ziolkowski ,L. Živković , G. Zobernig , A. Zoccoli , K. Zoch , T.G. Zorbas , R. Zou , L. Zwalinski .40 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia. Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY; United States of America. Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada. ( 𝑎 ) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; ( 𝑏 ) Istanbul Aydin University, Application andResearch Center for Advanced Studies, Istanbul; ( 𝑐 ) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economicsand Technology, Ankara; Turkey. LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France. High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America. Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America. Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America. Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece. Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece. Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX; United States of America. ( 𝑎 ) Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul; ( 𝑏 ) Istanbul BilgiUniversity, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul; ( 𝑐 ) Department of Physics, BogaziciUniversity, Istanbul; ( 𝑑 ) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; Turkey. Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona;Spain. ( 𝑎 ) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; ( 𝑏 ) Physics Department,Tsinghua University, Beijing; ( 𝑐 ) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing; ( 𝑑 ) University ofChinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing; China. Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; Serbia. Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen; Norway. Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA;United States of America. Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Germany. Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University ofBern, Bern; Switzerland. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United Kingdom. ( 𝑎 ) Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño,Bogotá; ( 𝑏 ) Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Colombia. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Bologna and Universita’ di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica; ( 𝑏 ) INFN Sezione di Bologna; Italy. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germany. Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America. Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America. ( 𝑎 ) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov; ( 𝑏 ) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and NuclearEngineering, Bucharest; ( 𝑐 ) Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi,Iasi; ( 𝑑 ) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, PhysicsDepartment, Cluj-Napoca; ( 𝑒 ) University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest; ( 𝑓 ) West University in Timisoara,Timisoara; Romania. ( 𝑎 ) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; ( 𝑏 ) Department ofSubnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice; SlovakRepublic. Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America. Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; Argentina. California State University, CA; United States of America.41 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom. ( 𝑎 ) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; ( 𝑏 ) iThemba Labs, WesternCape; ( 𝑐 ) Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg,Johannesburg; ( 𝑑 ) University of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria; ( 𝑒 ) School of Physics,University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; South Africa. Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON; Canada. ( 𝑎 ) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - UniversitéHassan II, Casablanca; ( 𝑏 ) Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra; ( 𝑐 ) Faculté des SciencesSemlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; ( 𝑑 ) Moroccan Foundation for Advanced ScienceInnovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat; ( 𝑒 ) LPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier,Oujda; ( 𝑓 ) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat; Morocco. CERN, Geneva; Switzerland. Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; United States of America. LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand; France. Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY; United States of America. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark. ( 𝑎 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende; ( 𝑏 ) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza,Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Italy. Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX; United States of America. Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX; United States of America. National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi; Greece. ( 𝑎 ) Department of Physics, Stockholm University; ( 𝑏 ) Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm; Sweden. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen; Germany. Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund; Germany. Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Germany. Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America. SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom. INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy. Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany. II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen; Germany. Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland. ( 𝑎 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova; ( 𝑏 ) INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy. II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany. SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom. LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France. Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States ofAmerica. ( 𝑎 ) Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; ( 𝑏 ) Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Scienceand Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University,Qingdao; ( 𝑐 ) School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for ParticleAstrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai; ( 𝑑 ) Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai; China. ( 𝑎 ) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; ( 𝑏 ) PhysikalischesInstitut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Germany. Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima; Japan. ( 𝑎 ) Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; ( 𝑏 ) Departmentof Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; ( 𝑐 ) Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced42tudy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China. Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu; Taiwan. IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay; France. Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; United States of America. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine; ( 𝑏 ) ICTP, Trieste; ( 𝑐 ) DipartimentoPolitecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Lecce; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Milano; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Napoli; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Pavia; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Pisa; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Roma; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata,Roma; Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; ( 𝑏 ) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma;Italy. ( 𝑎 ) INFN-TIFPA; ( 𝑏 ) Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy. Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck; Austria. University of Iowa, Iowa City IA; United States of America. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; United States of America. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Russia. ( 𝑎 ) Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz deFora; ( 𝑏 ) Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; ( 𝑐 ) Instituto de Física,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; Brazil. KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba; Japan. Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe; Japan. ( 𝑎 ) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science,Krakow; ( 𝑏 ) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow; Poland. Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow; Poland. Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto; Japan. Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto; Japan. Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka ;Japan. Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata; Argentina. Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster; United Kingdom. Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; United Kingdom. Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics,University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Slovenia. School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London; United Kingdom. Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham; United Kingdom. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London; United Kingdom. Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America. Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund; Sweden. Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3),Villeurbanne; France. Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spain.
Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany.43 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom.
CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France.
Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of America.
Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC; Canada.
School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Australia.
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States ofAmerica.
B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk; Belarus.
Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk; Belarus.
Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC; Canada.
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Russia.
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow; Russia.
D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow;Russia.
Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Germany.
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München; Germany.
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki; Japan.
Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya; Japan.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; United States ofAmerica.
Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen;Netherlands.
Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam;Netherlands.
Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL; United States of America. ( 𝑎 ) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk; ( 𝑏 ) Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk; Russia.
Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino; Russia.
Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics named by A.I. Alikhanov of National ResearchCentre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow; Russia.
Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY; United States of America.
Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; Japan.
Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America.
Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK; UnitedStates of America.
Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK; United States of America.
Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc; Czech Republic.
Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; United States of America.
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan.
Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo; Norway.
Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford; United Kingdom.
LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France.
Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; United States of America.
Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, St.Petersburg; Russia.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; United States of44merica. ( 𝑎 ) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP, Lisboa; ( 𝑏 ) Departamento deFísica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; ( 𝑐 ) Departamento de Física, Universidadede Coimbra, Coimbra; ( 𝑑 ) Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; ( 𝑒 ) Departamento deFísica, Universidade do Minho, Braga; ( 𝑓 ) Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad deGranada, Granada (Spain); ( 𝑔 ) Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica; ( ℎ ) Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;Portugal.
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republic.
Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republic.
Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague; Czech Republic.
Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom.
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; France.
Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; UnitedStates of America. ( 𝑎 ) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; ( 𝑏 ) Universidad AndresBello, Department of Physics, Santiago; ( 𝑐 ) Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad deTarapacá; ( 𝑑 ) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso; Chile.
Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei; Brazil.
Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of America.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom.
Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan.
Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen; Germany.
Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America.
Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden.
Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States ofAmerica.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton; United Kingdom.
School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; Australia.
Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan. ( 𝑎 ) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; ( 𝑏 ) HighEnergy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; Georgia.
Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; Israel.
Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Israel.
Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece.
International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo,Tokyo; Japan.
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo; Japan.
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo; Japan.
Tomsk State University, Tomsk; Russia.
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Canada. ( 𝑎 ) TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; ( 𝑏 ) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON;Canada.
Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and AppliedSciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA; United States of America.45 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA; United States ofAmerica.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden.
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL; United States of America.
Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia; Spain.
Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Canada.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC; Canada.
Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg; Germany.
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry; United Kingdom.
Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan.
Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Israel.
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; United States of America.
Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische UniversitätWuppertal, Wuppertal; Germany.
Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America. 𝑎 Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York NY; UnitedStates of America. 𝑏 Also at Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University; China. 𝑐 Also at Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi; Italy. 𝑑 Also at CERN, Geneva; Switzerland. 𝑒 Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France. 𝑓 Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève;Switzerland. 𝑔 Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Spain. ℎ Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios; Greece. 𝑖 Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; UnitedStates of America. 𝑗 Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; United States ofAmerica. 𝑘 Also at Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Israel. 𝑙 Also at Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay; United States of America. 𝑚 Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno; United States of America. 𝑛 Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento; United States of America. 𝑜 Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom. 𝑝 Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg; Russia. 𝑞 Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; Switzerland. 𝑟 Also at Dipartimento di Matematica, Informatica e Fisica, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy. 𝑠 Also at Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; Russia. 𝑡 Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun; Turkey. 𝑢 Also at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan. 𝑣 Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras; Greece. 𝑤 Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona; Spain. 𝑥 Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Germany. 𝑦 Also at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy ofSciences, Sofia; Bulgaria. 𝑧 Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest;Hungary. 46 𝑎 Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP); Canada. 𝑎𝑏 Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan. 𝑎𝑐 Also at Instituto de Fisica Teorica, IFT-UAM/CSIC, Madrid; Spain. 𝑎𝑑 Also at Istanbul University, Dept. of Physics, Istanbul; Turkey. 𝑎𝑒 Also at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Russia. 𝑎 𝑓
Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny; Russia. 𝑎𝑔 Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow; Russia. 𝑎ℎ Also at Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus; Palestine. 𝑎𝑖 Also at Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany. 𝑎 𝑗
Also at The City College of New York, New York NY; United States of America. 𝑎𝑘 Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; Canada. 𝑎𝑙 Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli; Italy. 𝑎𝑚 Also at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing; China. ∗∗