The mutual energy current interpretation for quantum mechanics
Shuang-ren Zhao, Kevin Yang, Kang Yang, Xingang Yang, Xintie Yang
TThe mutual energy current interpretation for quantum mechanics
Shuang-ren Zhao, Kevin Yang, Kang Yang, and Xingang Yang
Imrecons Inc
Xingtie Yang
Northwestern Polytechnical university (Dated: November 13, 2018)Quantum physics has the probability interpretation. Traditionally we have believed the particlefor example electron looks like the light wave. From the knowledge of light, we know that wave isalways spread out, and hence the electron wave should also spread out. That means the electronwave beam should like the light wave beam become diverged from the source. When the electronis received by an atom we thought the wave collapse. The place to collapse is depends on theprobability calculated from the square of absolute value of the wave function. The recent newdiscovery tell us that the light is not just wave, it is a combination of waves, retarded potential andadvanced potential. These two potentials together produce the mutual energy current or referred asM-current. Hence light is not a wave and not particles, it is M-current. Light energy current is oftendescribed as a surface integral of Poynting vector. This energy current can be referred as P-current.The new discovery found that P-current doesn’t carry any energy for light. The contribution ofP-current to energy transfer can be omitted. The light energy is transferred only by M-current. Thebeam of M-current doesn’t like the beam of P-current which is diverged from the source, instead,the M-current beam first diverges from the source (a electron in an atom) and then converged tothe sink (an electron in another atom). Since the M-current at the place to be received is localizedat one electron, the concept of wave function collapse is needless. The probability results of light isbecause that we have use P-current to roughly calculate the M-current. We thought if Schrödingerknew today’s light theory, he would for sure also build his wave theory for quantum mechanicssimilar to the new light theory with M-current. Hence we claim that the M-current theory is notonly suitable to the light but also can be applied to the quantum physics. This means all particlesare M-current. The M-current is composed of not only the retarded potential, but also the advancedpotential. M-current is a inner product of the retarded potential and the advanced potential. Sincethere is two waves, the M-current theory can offer a very nature way to the phenomena of spin.The traditional wave energy current which is calculated with only retarded potential, we obtainedthe P-current. If we still calculate P-current for particles, we have to use the concept of probability,however P-current is only an inaccurate calculation of the energy current. More accurate methodshould be the M-current method. In this new method, the concept of the wave function collapse isnot necessary. We still can use the probability, however the reason of the probability becomes veryclear.
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Structure:I. INTRODUCTION
In quantum physics, particle for example electron mustsatisfy the wave function. The wave is a retarded wave.This wave is a diverged wave which spread out from thesource to a bigger region. But when electron is absorbedby an atom, we say that the wave function collapses.Hence it seems that the square absolute value of thewave function can offer the probability of the position ofwave function collapse. This become the probability in-terpretation of quantum physics, it is also referred as theCopenhagen interpretation[26]. This interpretation can-not be accepted by many physicists. Einstein said “Goddoes not play at dice.” To which Bohr could only answer:“But still, it cannot be for us to tell God, how he is to runthe world”. Schrödinger disagreed also the probabilityinterpretation of the quantum physics. There are otherinterpretation for example many-worlds interpretation[8] and consistent histories[9] now they become also verypopular. The transactional interpretation[1, 2, 5, 6] isinterested with more and more physicists. However untilnow seems still no any other interpretations can replacethe probability interpretation.In light situation, traditionally we know there is lightwave which is retarded potential, from this wave we cancalculate the Poynting vector, a surface integral of Poynt-ing vector can be seen as energy current, it is referred asP-current. P-current looks like a diverged beam startedfrom the source go to the surrounding environment.Recently the authors’ study[15–17, 27, 28] shown thatlight is not just wave, the retarded potential. Light ismutual energy current. Mutual energy current is referredas M-current. M-current is composed of the retardedpotential and advanced potential. M-current is a innerproduct of the two potentials. Interesting thing is thetwo different potentials can be synchronized to transfer a r X i v : . [ phy s i c s . g e n - ph ] A ug the energy. The beam of M-current in the beginningdiverges from a electron in a atom which can be seenas the source, and then it converged to another electronwhich can been seen as sink. According this new theory oflight, since M-current itself can be localized, the conceptof the wave function collapse is not necessary. Since thereare two potentials, the phenomena of spin can also beeasily explained as two potentials with 90 degree phasedifference.The authors believe that all result about M-current inlight is also suitable to other particles for example elec-trons. The authors believe that the electron is actuallythe M-current, which is composed of two waves, retardedwave and advanced wave. In the orbit of atom, the twowaves can be synchronized completely, this is similar tothe light transfer in a wave guide. In this situation, thebehavior of two waves is same to the behavior obtainedwith the retarded wave alone. Similar to light, the en-ergy current is calculated with only retarded wave alone(or advanced wave alone) is referred as P-current. Infree space, the behavior of M-current is different withP-current. P-current is a diverged beam like the beamof flashlight. However M-current started from an elec-tron in an atom and end at an electron at another atom.The beam M-current first diverges from a point and thenconverges to a point. M-current can also interpret thephenomena of spin in a nature way. The authors’ abovetheory can be referred as mutual energy current interpre-tation.Compare to the transactional interpretation[1, 2, 5, 6],the mutual energy current interpretation also support theexistent of the advanced wave. The transactional inter-pretation claim it is only a interpretation, the advancedwave can not be tested in the laboratory and also cannot be falsified. However the mutual energy current in-terpretation is not just a interpretation, it also changedthe quantum theory, the inner product of advanced waveand retarded wave produced the M-current. Because ofthis inner product, the beam shape of the M-current be-come the intersection of sets of the beam shapes of theadvanced wave and the retarded wave. This beam shapebecome first diverged and then converged. In other hand,the authors have proven that the mutual energy theoryis agreed with energy conservation law, but Lorentz reci-procity theory doesn’t in case of the loss media in theelectromagnetic field theory[21]. The mutual energy the-orem and Lorentz reciprocity theory can solve same prob-lem for example to find the direction pattern of receiverantenna. The mutual energy theorem needs advancedpotential but the Lorentz reciprocity theorem needs onlyretarded potential. II. REVIEW M-CURRENT INELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDSA. Introduction of the M-current in light andelectromagnetic field
Maxwell equations have two solutions: the retardedpotential and the advanced potential. Many physicistsaccept the advanced potential, for example the theory ofLawrence M. Stephenson[22]. The absorb theory of D.T. Pegg, Wheeler and Feynman [1, 2, 5, 6, 14] also basedon the advanced potential. Einstein has joined a talk ofFeynman about his absorb theory that need a completeabsorber in the future. After the talk, Pauli object thetheory and ask Einstein to agree to him. Einstein didnot agree that, he support the absorb theory and said,without the absorb theory, it would be very difficult tomake a corresponding theory for gravitational interac-tion. Actually in 1909 Einstein has debated with Ritzabout advanced potential. Ritz has a emission theorybased on only retarded potential, hence he was againstthe advanced potential. Einstein applaud the concept ofadvanced potential. Although there are so many impor-tant physicists applaud the concept of the advanced po-tential, but there is no any selfconsistent theory can applyadvanced potential in our electromagnetic field calcula-tion. How advanced potential worked in antenna system,power station system and electronic circuits? No one of-fers a convinced answer. Hence, antenna and microwaveengineers, electronic engineers and most physicists stillreject the concept of the advanced potential.It seems without advanced potential the engineer stillcan solve all engineering problems by using the reci-procity theorem[3, 4, 12, 19, 23][10, 11].The author introduced the concept of mutual energyand the mutual energy theorem[15, 16, 27, 28]. Therewere very closed earlier publications related to the mu-tual energy theorem[24][20], but they did not realize it isthe energy and still thought it as some kind of reciprocity.The author of ref.[15, 27, 28] thought it is energy and re-ferred it as “mutual energy” but didn’t continue to workon it for a long time. The reason is that there is anotherenergy current which is based on an surface integral ofPoynting vector, it is referred as P-current. The mutualenergy current (it is referred as M-current) is only partof P-current. Another reason is theory of the mutual en-ergy is based on the mutual energy theorem which canbe used to the calculation of the antenna system withat least one receive antenna. However there is the reci-procity theorem[3, 4, 12, 19, 23][10, 11]. Which is alsocan be used to do the same thing and have been widelyapplied. In the mutual energy theorem advanced poten-tial is involved, that is weird. In the reciprocity theorem,we do not need advanced potential. Only recently theauthors have found that the contribution of P-current tolight energy transfer can be omitted [17, 18]. Hence M-current becomes the only one that can carry energy. Itis the only way to transfer energy between two remoteobjects. By the way, to transfer energy in wave guides orcoaxial-cables, energy transferred by M-current and P-current is half to half. In antenna system the M-currentis dominant, but P-current still have some contribution.Recently the authors have also shown that the in the lossmedia, the reciprocity theorem cannot offer any resultswhich guarantee the energy conservation, but mutual en-ergy theorem can do[17]. After these two breakthroughs,it is clear to the authors that light should be explainedas M-current and light is not only the retarded poten-tial, it is a combination of a retarded potential and anadvanced potential. It is a inner product of the retardedpotential and an advanced potential. The authors foundthat the duality of the light, photon and wave both canbe explained with M-current. M-current diverges in thebeginning and then it converges to a point and hence M-current is local which eliminate the concept of the wavefunction collapse. M-current can also interpret the phe-nomena of spin in a nature way.
B. The mutual energy theorem
1. Mutual energy theorem in loss media
The theory for the mutual energy theorem includesthe following components. Before the full formula of themutual energy theorem, there are two early version of it,which can be seen in[24][20]. The formula of the mutualenergy theorem can be found [15, 27, 28]. The formula[15, 27, 28] is in Fourier domain. The corresponding timedomain mutual energy theorem can be found in ref.[7].In Fourier domain the modified mutual energy theoremformula can be written as following[16], ( ξ , ξ ) Γ + ( ρ , ξ ) V + ( ξ , ρ ) V = 0 (1) V is the volume contains the current ρ = [ J , K ] and ρ = [ J , K ] . J , J are electric current, K , K aremagnetic current. Γ is the boundary of the volume V . Γ can be chosen as infinite big sphere. The media have tomeet the condition, ξ = [ E , H ] , ξ = [ E , H ] , E , E are electric fields, H , H are magnetic fields. Here themedia (cid:15) , µ and (cid:15) , µ satisfy, (cid:15) † ( ω ) = (cid:15) ( ω ) , µ † ( ω ) = µ ( ω ) (2)Where (cid:15) and µ are permittivity, permeability, “ (cid:15) † = (cid:15) ∗ T .The superscript ∗ expresses the complex conjugate oper-ator, T is matrix transpose and ( ξ , ξ ) Γ ≡ " Γ ( E × H ∗ + E ∗ × H ∗ ) · ˆ ndS (3) ( ρ , ξ ) V ≡ ˚ V ( E ∗ · J + H ∗ · K ) dV (4) ( ξ , ρ ) V ≡ ˚ V ( E · J ∗ + H · K ∗ ) dV (5)The symbol ≡ means “is defined as”. It is possible thatthe modified mutual energy theorem is not a physicaltheorem since the media of the two fields ζ and ζ canbe different or at different spaces. If we assume they arethe same, i.e., (cid:15) = (cid:15) and µ = µ . There is (cid:15) † ( ω ) = (cid:15) ( ω ) , µ † ( ω ) = µ ( ω ) (6)That is lossless condition. Hence in lossless media themutual energy theorem (note here, there is no “modified”)is established. Eq.(1) can be written as ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = − ( ρ , ξ ) V − ( ξ , ρ ) V (7)The left side of the formula is the energy current send tooutside of the big sphere. The right side are the emissionenergies from the sources(or sinks) ρ and ρ . ( ρ , ξ ) V can be seen as received energy. − ( ρ , ξ ) V can be seenas the emission energy.If the media has energy loss, It can be proven that theemission energy should equal to the summation of theoutgo energy and the energy loss, ( ξ , ξ ) Γ + Q loss = − ( ρ , ξ ) V − ( ξ , ρ ) V (8)Here Q loss is the energy loss in the media. Hence theabove formula is referred as the mutual energy theoremwith energy loss.
2. M-current is inner product
The surface integral in the mutual energy formula ( ξ , ξ ) Γ is a inner product [15]. Here we assume thatthat the two fields ξ , ξ are two retarded potentials, thesurface integral satisfies following 3 inner product laws,I. conjugate symmetry, ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = ( ξ , ξ ) ∗ Γ (9)II linear, ( ξ + ξ , ξ ) Γ = ( ξ , ξ ) Γ + ( ξ , ξ ) Γ (10) ( αξ , ξ ) Γ = α ( ξ , ξ ) Γ (11)III Positive-definiteness ( ξ, ξ ) Γ ≥ (12) ( ξ, ξ ) Γ = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0 (13)Here ⇐⇒ means if and only if. If the two fields are alladvanced potentials, the most above results can also beobtained except, ( ξ, ξ ) Γ ≤ (14)In the mixture situation, If we ξ = ξ + ξ , and ξ one is retarded potential and ξ is advanced potential,the above most inner product laws are still satisfied, ex-cept the formula Eq.(12,13) does not satisfy. Even so,this still means the above surface integral is a good innerproduct. The above inner product formulas guaranteethat we can use the inner product expression ( ξ , ξ ) Γ .Mutual energy current is referred as M-current. In op-tics vector field become scale field. M-current is a innerproduct, that means, we can image ξ and ξ as two scalevalue, and hence ( ξ , ξ ) Γ → ξ ξ ∗ in optics and quantummechnics.Assume ζ is retarded potential and ζ is advanced po-tential we can prove that in the free space (where themedia is (cid:15) and µ ), it can be proven that the surface in-tegral of the mutual energy theorem will vanish at infinitebig sphere Γ lim r →∞ ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = 0 (15)where r is the radio of the surface Γ . C. The system with transmit antenna and receiveantenna
We have proven that in the mutual energy theo-rem, if ξ and ξ one is retarded potential and an-other is advanced potential, the surface integral vanishes,i.e., ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = 0 . Here Γ is infinite big sphere. ˆ n is theoutward unit vector of surface Γ . This means no mutualenergy can go out of the big sphere Γ . The mutual en-ergy can only go from ρ to ρ . Assume, the media ( (cid:15),µ )are loss less, in that situation there is Q loss = 0 , we have ( ξ , ρ ) V = − ( ρ , ξ ) V (16)Here − ( ρ , ξ ) V is the emitted energy of ρ , ( ξ , ρ ) V isthe received energy of ρ . If we choose a surface Γ inwhich, there is only ρ inside and ρ is at outside, themutual energy theorem can be written as ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = − ( ρ , ξ ) V (17) ( ξ , ξ ) Γ is the mutual energy current or M-current be-tween the source ρ and the sink ρ . Γ can be anysurface between the two current ρ and ρ . M-current isequal to the emitted energy − ( ρ , ξ ) V and the receivedenergy ( ξ , ρ ) V . D. The beam shape of the M-current.
Assume ξ is retarded potential, ξ is advanced poten-tial, ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = " Γ ( E × H ∗ + E ∗ × H ) · ˆ ndΓ Figure 1. Antenna system with a transmitter and a receiver,the transmitter send the retarded potential, this potential willcause the current change in the receiver and the receiver willcause an advanced potential. The shape of beam of P-currentis diverged. The shape of beam of M-current first divergesand then converges which is shown in a dashed area. = 2 " Γ (cid:60){ E × H ∗ } · ˆ ndΓ = 2 " Γ (cid:60){ S } · ˆ ndΓ (18)where (cid:60){•} means take the real values. Γ is any sur-face between ρ and ρ . S = E × H ∗ is Poyntingvector, hence ( ξ , ξ ) Γ is P-current. The beam shapeof P-current is similar to the that of retarded potential ξ , which is diverged from the source ρ . Similarly that ( ξ , ξ ) Γ is also P-current the beam shape of it is divergedfrom the sink ρ . ( ξ , ξ ) Γ = " Γ ( E × H ∗ + E ∗ × H ) · ˆ ndΓ = 2 " Γ (cid:60){ E × H ∗ } · ˆ ndΓ = 2 " Γ (cid:60){ S } · ˆ ndΓ (19) Γ is any surface between ρ and ρ . The beam shapeof the ( ξ , ξ ) Γ mutual energy current can be obtainedlargely according to beam { ( ξ , ξ ) Γ } = beam { ( ξ , ξ ) Γ } ∩ beam { ( ξ , ξ ) Γ } (20)where beam {•} shows the beam shape of the energy cur-rent. The symbol ∩ means the intersection sets. Hencethe beam shape of M-current in the beginning divergesfrom the source ρ and then converges to the sink ρ .The beam shape of M-current can be seen in Figure 1. E. Retarded potential and advanced potential canbe synchronized
We often think the retarded potential and advancedpotential are totally different things, but actually theylooks similar even can be synchronized. For example inthe wave guide, assume in the two ends there is a trans-mitter and a receiver, the wave between the two endscan be seen as retarded potential to the transmitter andalso can be seen as advanced potential to the receiver.In the transactional interpretation[5, 6], they think theadvanced potential can not be tested in laboratory and itis impossible to be falsified. We do not agree with them.We believe advanced potential can be tested we will dis-cuss this a future article. Here we can see the advancedpotential sent by the receiver indeed is synchronized withthe retarded potential sent by the transmitter.We assume in the wave guide, the transmitter con-tributed half retarded potential the receiver contributedanother half. But even the two half are retarded poten-tial and advanced potential they are completely synchro-nized, hence, there is, ξ ( t, x ) = ξ ( t, x ) = 12 ξ ( t, x ) (21) ξ ( t, x ) = ξ ( t, x ) + ξ ( t, x ) where t, x are time and position in the wave guide. Tra-ditionally we assume in the wave guide there is only re-tarded potential, even this is wrong, but all results arestill correct.In other situation, for example two antennas one isthe transmitter and another is the receiver. The beamshape of the retarded potential and advanced potentialare different, one is diverged from the source, the otheris diverged from the sink, but the value inside the M-current beam is still very good synchronized with timeand position. This is also the reason why the M-currentcan transfer energy. III. REVIEW M-CURRENT FOR LIGHTA. Photo
If we assume the energy emitted from source ρ is dis-crete and the sink ρ receive energy also discrete. Allelectrons in an atom in the environment can be seen assinks which can absorb the energy. Assume the everyelectron can randomly jump from low energy to the highenergy and also can randomly jump from low energy tohigh energy. The probability of the jump is very low.Assume in the environment there is a absorber electronfrom lower energy jump to high energy, hence sends ad-vanced potential to the transmitter. In the same timein the emitter there is a electron jump from high energydown to lower energy. If the time just match each other,the retarded potential of the emitter and the advancedpotential of the abosorber build a M-current, which sendthe energy from the emitter to the abosorber. In this caseof the mutual energy current, the electron in the absorber Figure 2. The M-current of 3 Photons and P-current of theemitter. stayed at higher energy. The electron in the emitter keptat the lower energy. The electron in the abosorber keepin the higher energy. If in the above the two time win-dows does not match, the mutual energy current does notbuild. If there has not built the mutual energy current,the electron at absorber will return to its original energylever and the electron at the emitter will also return toits original energy.In another situation, we have assumed that for the elec-tron in absorber there is only a very short time windowswhich can absorb the retarded potential. There will berandomly some electron react to the retarded potentialemitted from ρ . The M-current can be built betweenthe source and the sinks. Since this M-current is local-ized in the place it is absorbed, it looks a particle when itis received and emitted. In place between the source anda sink, the beam of M-current is much wider, and looksvery like waves. This is why when light go through thedouble slit will looks like wave, but in the absorb place itbecomes many points and looks like particles, which canbe seen as photons. Figure 2 shows the tree absorbersreacted with the emitter, hence there are 3 M-currentstransferred from the emitter to the absorbers, these canbe seen as 3 photons. The figure shows that the shape ofM-currents are focused at absorbers, there is no so calledwave collapse in the absorbers. B. Double slits
For light we must explain the experiment of doubleslits. The mutual energy current method offers a accu-rate method to calculate the energy go through the slits.The retarded potential and advanced potential can all becalculated through the Huygens principle. There is theversion modified version of Huygens principle which isbase on the mutual energy theorem[27]. The second stepis calculate the mutual energy which is the inner productof the advanced potential and retarded potential. Themutual energy theorem should help us exactly calculate
Figure 3. The M-current of 3 Photons and P-current of theemitter. the intensity of the electromagnetic fields. However wecan easy to find out the beam shape of the mutual energycurrent which can be seen in Figure 3.We can see the light energy which is M-current goesthrough double slits, in the end the light line combinedtogether to the place of the absorber. It is clear thereis no need of wave function collapse. Compare to thetransactional interpretation[1, 2, 5, 6], since the bothretarded potential and advanced potential are still sep-arated, hence the wave function double collapses areneeded for both retarded and advanced potential in theabsorber and emitter. Transactional interpretation cannot offer energy current calculation. M-current methodnot only offer a interpretation but also offer a very accu-rate method to calculate the energy current in any timeand surface.It is clear that when light go through the double slits,it looks like light will produce the interference pattern.In the place light is absorbed, like looks light particle,because all M-current energy has focused to a point.
C. Delay choice
The above M-current model is also very easy to ex-plain the delay choice experiment[13, 25]. Because theadvanced potential is send out from absorber, even thephoton (light or M-current) has go through the doubleslits, if the absorber configuration is changed it is stillcan change the beam shape of the M-current. For exam-ple if at the time we know the photon (light or M-current)has go through the double slits, if a calibrator is quicklyadded to the front of the absorber which direct to one ofslit, the beam shape of M-current is changed, only oneside of M-current up or down left, and hence the light isgo only from one slit. The photon looks as particle.From the view of M-current, the concept of photon,is not complete correct. In the space light can be asM-current go through the double slit. It is focused to apoint only when it is emitted or absorbed. However sincethis energy is still discrete, we can still call it as photon.If we know the photon is just M-current, it is very easyto understand the behave when it go through the double slits.Delayed choice experiment tell us the observer canchange the results of experiment. This actually is veryeasy to understand. In the early time, the people thinkthe principle of eye is like today’s ultrasound machineor radar system which sends wave to the object and re-ceiver the return wave. In the M-current interpretation,the eye actually just looks very like the the radar systemor ultrasound system, the only difference is the eye sendsadvanced potential instead of retarded potenital.
D. Spin
The phenomena of spin can also be explained easily.When we thought the light is only composed of only onepotential, when we found it has the property of circlepolarization, it becomes very confuse. How can only onefield produce a circle polarization? The circle polariza-tion needs two wave superposed together with 90 degreephase difference. We can only say that there is a spinwhich is the light’s intrinsic property.Now according to the above theory of M-current, itjust have two potentials and they are nearly synchro-nized. If we assume that there is 90 degree differencebetween the two potentials. The light will become circlepolarized. When the receiver receives the retarded po-tential, its current in the sink changes, that causes it tosend an advanced potential. In the light situation, theadvanced potential has a 90 degree delay. This 90 degreedelay also can happen at the position of source. If thesink first send an advanced potential the source reactedby send a retarded potential a 90 degree delay. This twosituations corresponding to the two kinds of circle polar-ization: left and right circle polarization. This kind ofinterpretation is much nature than speak about photonspins.
E. Quantum entanglement
The photon entanglement happens when a no spin pho-ton go through a nonlinear media, two lower frequencyphoton will produced with one is left spin and the otheris right spin. We know that the angle momentum mustconserved. Hence one photon is left the other must rightspin, otherwise the angle momentum doesn’t conserved.The quantum entanglement can also be explained withM-current. Assume a emitter send two entanglementphotons. One of the photon is received by an absorber.This absorber will send advanced wave to the emitter. Ifwe receive a left/right spin photon that means the ad-vanced potential have a +/- 90 degree phase differenceto the retarded potential. When this event happens, theemitter will know this a time before, since the abserversends advanced wave. The emitter will send a right/leftphoton spin photon, that means the retarded potentialwill have +/- 90 degree phase difference to the advancedpotential.The problem is the two photon has been send out atime, when we seen the first one is left the second imme-diately (1000 time fast then light speed) become right.According to M-current theory, the left/right spin ofphoton is not decided by emitter, it is decided by bothemitter and absorber. The phase difference of the re-tarded potential of the emitter and the advanced poten-tial of the absorber decides the spin rotation direction. Ifthe absorber received a left spin photon the emitter willknow that when it send out the retarded wave. Sincethe second of photon is sent also by same emitter, thisemitter is a high frequency photon in the nonlinear de-vice with non angle momentum. When this photon become two low frequency photon, the angle momentummust conserved. Hence the second low frequency photonsent by the emitter must with different spin direction tothe first low frequency photon. If we receive the secondphoton we find it has different angle momentum with thefirst photon. The only strange thing is the time from thefirst we observer the first to the second photon, it is τ = τ + τ (22)Where τ is the time from observer the first photon, τ isthe advanced wave send from first absorber to the emit-ter. This time has negative value, since the wave is ad-vanced wave. τ is the time from emitter to the secondabsorber, this time has positive value. In case | τ | ≈ | τ | , τ ≈ . In this case the events from first photon is ab-sorbed to the second photon is absorbed can have zerotime. Hence this two events are not local. τ ≈ (23) speed = Lτ (cid:29) IV. OTHER PARTICLES
In the time de Broglie and Schrödinger built their wavetheory for the particles, they do not knew the abovenew discoveries for light. Hence they built their particletheory only including the retarded wave. Now we haveknown for light it is M-current composed with retardedwave and advanced wave, for us it is easy to think allparticles perhaps also have the same structure as light.The particles also transfer energy by M-current insteadof P-current. The particle’s M-current also is composedof retarded wave and advanced wave.
A. Electron
Assume electron is the M-current, which is composedof two waves, retarded wave and advanced wave. Theatom emits the electron is referred as emitter, the atomreceives the electron is referred as absorber. The elec-tron’s mutual energy beam should similar to the mutualenergy of the light beam, it is very narrow in both emit-ter point and at the absorber point and it becomes widein the place between the emitter and the absorber.Electron has fixed energy, that can be explained as thetime window of the emitter and absorbler. This timewindow is very narrow, only allowing sending and receiv-ing an amount of energy equal to a electron. Hence thereis only one or a few absorbers to randomly react the re-tarded wave and send back the advanced waves. Betweenthis particular emitter atom and the particular absorberatom, the mutual energy is produced which is composedwith the retarded wave and the advanced wave. Theelectron is just this M-current. Electron looks more likea particle at the place it is emitted and absorbed and itlook more like wave at the place between the emitter andabsorber. However electrons actually are M-current inall the time.
B. Wave function
In the quantum physics, assume ψ is the wave func-tion, then | ψ | is explained as probability. However theauthors thought that is because the lack of the knowledgeof M-current for light. If 90 years ago Schrödinger andDirac knew the above theory about light they will buildtheir quantum theory looks like light. Here the authormeans the theory which explain light as M-current. TheM-current is composed of retarded wave and an advancedwave.After we have the new understanding about light, weknow that, the situation of quantum physics should besimilar to electromagnetic wave or light wave. If we ac-cept the advanced wave in electromagnetic field and light,if we accept the light is just the mutual energy current ofthe two waves, one is retarded wave, another is advancedwave, we can immediately thought that in the quantumphysics perhaps there is also the advanced wave. As-sume ψ , ψ are two waves, we can define the M-current(mutual energy current) of quantum physics as Q = ( ψ , ψ ) Γ = " Γ ψ ψ ∗ dΓ (24)Where Γ is a surface between the emitter and absorber, Itis possible that ψ , ψ are vectors like in the electromag-netic field situation, in that situation ( ψ , ψ ) will definethe mutual energy current. In quantum physics ψ , ψ are scales (the scale is possible only a simplified versionof vector field, just like in optics we can use scale valueto describe the electromagnetic field, which actually is avector field).Assume in quantum physics, ψ is retarded wave whichsend out from a emitter atom, ψ is advanced wave whichis send out from an absorber atom. When the electronis inside the orbit of the atom, we assume there are alsoadvanced wave and retarded wave. This situation, is sim-ilar to electromagnetic wave in a waveguide, the advancedwave can be completely synchronized with the retardedwave. Traditionally we though there is only retardedwave in this situation, but now we assume ψ = ψ , as-sume the field of electron can be superposed, hence thefield in the electron orbit will be ψ = ψ + ψ (25) ψ is the electron field inside the orbit. Hence ψ = ψ = 12 ψ (26) ( ψ, ψ ) = ( ψ + ψ )( ψ + ψ ) ∗ = ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ (27) ψ ψ ∗ is corresponding to the retarded wave’s self-energycurrent. ψ ψ ∗ is corresponding to the advanced wave’sself-energy current. ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ is corresponding the M-current. ψ ψ ∗ and ψ ψ ∗ is P-current. P-current is notimportant, even we can calculate it to obtain some values,but since it has no contribution to exchange energy withothers, hence it can be omitted.In this situation since ψ = ψ , the calculation onlywith retarded wave, i.e., assume there is only ψ whichis retarded wave, will obtain the same result comparethe new quantum theory with both retarded wave andadvanced wave. This is the reason why if we do not in-troduce the concept of advanced wave and the M-current,quantum physics still obtains very good results in the sit-uation where the electron is inside an atom or inside apotential well. This is so called static wave situation, inthe static wave the time t will explicitly appear. Evenin this situation only retarded wave can also obtain goodcalculation results, actually the advanced wave still ex-ists. C. Election in the free space
The self-energy current ψ ψ ∗ , ψ ψ ∗ have no contribu-tion to the emitter atom and the absorber atom, this issimilar to the situation of light. ψ ψ ∗ is a beam divergedfrom the emitter, when it reach the absorber, since thesection area of the absorber atom is too small, the en-ergy received by absorber from the ψ ψ ∗ can be omitted. ψ ψ ∗ is diverged from receiver, when it reached to theemitter atom, since the section area of the emitter is toosmall, this part of transferred energy can be omitted. In this situation only the mutual energy current is impor-tant, which is " Γ ( ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ ) dΓ = 2 (cid:60){ " Γ ψ ψ ∗ dΓ } (28)Where (cid:60){•} means to take the real value. For simpli-fication, we will call Q = ! Γ ψ ψ ∗ dΓ as M-current.Keep in mind that the real energy between the emitterand absorb is (cid:60) Q .The mutual energy current similar to the situation oflight the beam is that the electron beam first divergedfrom the emitter and then converged to the absorber.Here the emitter and the absorber are two atoms whichcan send or absorb the electrons. Here since the beamof M-current can focus to a small point, it does not needthe concept of wave function collapse.The wave function collapse is because we do not knowthere is also the advanced wave. So we calculate ψ ψ ∗ which is a diverged beam. At the place of the wave is re-ceived, the beam of the energy current ψ ψ ∗ become verywidely spread out. When we use ψ ψ ∗ as the result ofquantum physics, we have to face the wave function sud-denly collapsed to a point. After we have explained actu-ally the electron is M-current, the property of M-currentwhich first diverges and then converges can thoroughlyavoid the wave function collapse.The probability interpretation for the wave function isbecause of we only calculated from the retarded wave, ψ ψ ∗ , which is inaccurate to the electron.The authors don’t clear why this particular emitteratom connected to another particular absorber atom. Wehave said it is perhaps because just in that time, theretarded wave reached the absorber, their time windowmatched together. But this is only one possibility, thatis also possible the transmitter send retarded wave in-cludes a special cryptograph code, which can be under-stand only some absorber atom. It is also has some pos-itive feedback between the transmitter and the receiverthat makes the connection of one pairs of atoms becomestrong than others. Finally they become connected to-gether. An electron is sent out from the emitter atom tothe absorber atom. D. Spin
In the traditional quantum physics, there is only onewave function, the retarded wave, when we measuredsome thing rotated, it is difficult to give an explanation,hence we call it spin. However in the authors’ new quan-tum explanation, there are two wave functions, one ψ isretarded and the other ψ is advanced. The two wavesare nearly synchronized. But there is the possibility theyhave small phase difference. The spin is also similar tothe situation of light. If we assume ψ has 90 degreephase difference compare to ψ , there is a circle polariza-tion. Here we can assume ψ and ψ are transverse fieldone is directed x axis direction and the other is at y axisdirection. The wave is transfers in z axis direction. Thiscircle polarization is the phenomena of spin.In the explanation of the mutual energy current, thespin just two waves have a 90 degree phase difference.This phase difference is caused by the absorber atom orthe emitter atom, there is a reaction delay to their wavere-sending process. The delay happens at absorber orat emitter will cause the phase difference as positive 90degree or negative 90 degree and hence there is left orright polarization. This is phenomena is spin. E. The Schrödinger equation considered theadvanced wave
The original Schrödinger equation which is correspond-ing to the retarded wave ih∂ψ ( x, t ) = [ − h µ ∇ + V ( x, t )] ψ ( x, t ) (29)Corresponding to the advanced wave, there is − ih∂ψ ( x, t ) = [ − h µ ∇ + V ( x, t )] ψ ( x, t ) (30)The above is only one example to create the advancedwave, we also can created the advanced wave using Klein-Gordon equation or Dirac equation, or any other equa-tion still not found, but that is beyond the discussion ofhere. The point is there must have a advanced wave. F. Summary
For a free electron, we should calculate M-currentwhich is ! Γ ψ ψ ∗ dΓ . M-current is a beam first divergeand then converge, for this kind wave beam, the conceptof wave function collapse is needless.When the electron is inside orbit, the two wave can besynchronized completely, and hence the retarded waveand advanced wave are equal to each other. In this sit-uation, the calculation of ψ ψ ∗ , the P-current (we canreferred it as P-current similar to the light situation) isthe same as M-current ψ ψ ∗ . Even though there stillexists the advanced wave, but the result is same whenwe only use retarded wave to calculate, ψ ψ ∗ = ψ ψ ∗ .It is same to the wave guide, in the orbit, the energy transferred half by P-current ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ and half byM-current ψ ψ ∗ + ψ ψ ∗ .In the free space the contribution of P-current can beomitted completely. Only M-current is left. Hence elec-tron is also M-current, which is composed of two wavesretarded wave and advanced wave.Even though the above new interpretation has notchanged the calculation of the quantum field. Howeverbecause it abandons the concept of the wave function col-lapse, the probability, thing become easy to understand.Electron in the free space is nothing else, it is just M-current. The M-current is composed of two waves one isretarded the other is advanced. The two waves are nearlysynchronized. There is 90 degree phase difference whichcan be seen as the behind scene of spin.In the authors new interpretation the square absolutevalue of wave function | ψ | = ψ ψ ∗ is the P-current,which is only a approximation to the M-current ψ ψ ∗ .Since ψ ∗ is difficult to obtain, there is hundreds andthousands ψ in the environment corresponding to eachatom which can receive the electron, we still only calcu-late ψ ψ ∗ . In this situation, ψ ψ ∗ offers the probabilityabout ψ ψ ∗ .All these can be summarized as electron is not onlyretarded wave, it combines with two wave retarded andadvanced. The two waves build as M-current which isenergy current instead probability. The reason of theprobability is because if we only calculated P-current ofretarded wave which can only offers the probability wherethe M-current can happen. The probability is becauseof the inaccurate calculation. The probability is not anintrinsic property of electron.We also believe the calculation of ψ ψ ∗ in some situa-tion can replace the calculation of ψ ψ ∗ and offer moreaccurate results for the understanding of the electron andall other particles. V. CONCLUSION
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