Physics

We propose the extension of the complex numbers to be the new domain where new concepts, like negative and imaginary probabilities, can be defined. The unit of the new space is defined as the solution of the unsolvable equation in the complex domain: |z | 2 = z ∗ z=i . The existence of the unsolvable equation in a closed domain as complex's lead to the definition of a new type of multiplication, for not violate the fundamental theorem of algebra. The definition of the new space also requests the inclusion of a new mapping operation, so the absolute value of the new extended number being real and positive. We study the properties of the vector space like positive-definiteness, linearity, and conjugated symmetry.

In the present work, a new shape function is proposed inside a modified f(R) gravity and General Relativity in wormhole (WH) geometry. The shape function obeyed all the desired conditions of WH geometry. The equation of state (EoS) parameter, anisotropy parameter and the energy conditions are computed. The tangential null energy conditions and the weak energy condition are validated, as well as the radial energy conditions, which demonstrates the nonappearance of exotic matter due to modified gravity allied with such a new proposal.

We propose a Fresnel stochastic white noise framework to analyze the nature of the Feynman paths entering on the Feynman path integral expression for the Feynman propagator of aparticle quantum mechanically moving under an external electromagnetic time independent potential

We propose a Fresnel stochastic white noise framework to analyze the stochastic nature of the Feynman paths entering on the Feynman Path Integral expression for the Feynman propagator of a particle quantum mechanically moving under a time independent potential.

The falling charge puzzle in gravitational field is well known due to the discussions of radiation. The puzzle lies in the heart of linking the electromagnetism and gravity. Up to date few discussions have fully taken account of quantum effect of a falling charged-fermion in strong gravitational field from the first principle. Based on the hypothesis that 4-dimension conformal symmetry may underly its dynamics, in this paper we try to establish a quantum equation for the falling process. The resultant equation provides a manner accounting for the strong CP violation at the beginning of the Big Bang. Moreover, it turns out that the equation for left-handed fermions breaks the conformal symmetry and has a tensor-like eigen value. A proposed experiment for testing the predictions is also suggested.

In this paper, a formulation, which is completely established on a quantum ground, is presented for basic contents of quantum electrodynamics (QED). This is done by moving away, from the fundamental level, the assumption that the spin space of bare photons should (effectively) possess the same properties as those of free photons observed experimentally. Within this formulation, bare photons with zero momentum can not be neglected when constructing the photon field; and an explicit expression for the related part of the photon field is derived. When a local gauge transformation is performed on the electron field, this expression predicts a change that turns out to be equal to what the gauge symmetry requires for the gauge field. This gives an explicit mechanism, by which the photon field may change under gauge transformations in QED.

This is an expositoray article on the topological string partition function promoting an extension of the partition function of open Gromov-Witten theory of CY 3-folds defined by the trace of vertex operators. We also give a brief survey of their connection to the theory of Hilbert scheme of points on surface. Specifically; we apply infinitely many Cassimir operators twisted to the vertex operator computing the amplitude. The case of finite number of twists has been well discussed in the mathematics and Physics literature.

We perform an analysis of the derivation of Quantized Inertia (QI) theory, formerly known with the acronym MiHsC, as presented by McCulloch (2007, 2013). Two major flaws were found in the original derivation. We derive a discrete black-body radiation spectrum, deriving a different formulation for F(a) than the one presented in the original theory. We present a numerical result of the new solution which is compared against the original prediction.

Stable radius of cylindrical space due to additional repulsion caused by noncommutativity of two-component field values is found.

We consider M systems (each an electron in a long square cylinder) uniformly arranged on a ring and with Coulomb interactions. Exact straightforward numerical time-dependent perturbation calculation of a single N-level ( ≲7 ) system, with no (random) phase assumptions, system show a Boltzman distribution. We exploit the physical ring symmetry and develop several hierarchical physical equation set so of increasing generality and (computation) speed. Given the impressive history of theoretical quantum-mehanical statistical mechanics, our results might seem surprising, but we observe that accurate calculation of correct physical equations should mimic Nature.