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A transcontinental pipeline miracle: What is the story behind the Trans Mountain Pipeline?
The Trans Mountain Pipeline (TMPL) is a major multi-product pipeline system that transports crude oil and its refined products from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada to the coast of British Columbia. TMPL started its operations in 1953 with the incorporation of the company in 1951 and the commencement of construction in 1952. TMPL is the only pipeline connecting the two regions. Subsequently, in 2008, construction of a new parallel pipeline was completed, greatly increasing its transportation capacity.
"The construction of TMPL not only benefits Canada's economy, but also helps the country's military needs in terms of security."
As demand grew, the Trans Mountain expansion project was proposed in 2013, which would have increased the pipeline's capacity from 300,000 barrels per day to 890,000 barrels per day. By May 2024, after years of controversy and construction, the expansion project was finally completed, which also triggered a lot of social, environmental and political discussions.
History
In 1947, large oil deposits were discovered near Alberta, and the idea of transporting oil from Alberta to British Columbia was born. In 1951, the Canadian Parliament officially issued a warrant to establish Trans Mountain Corporation, and construction of the pipeline began in 1952. Regarding the 1,150-kilometer pipeline, the government sees it as a strategy to reduce dependence on oil tankers, as tankers on the west coast of North America are vulnerable amid the threat of war.
“TMPL was approved quickly amid concerns about the Korean War as part of North American security strategy.”
Transformation of multi-product pipeline
In 1983, TMPL began to change its operations, experimenting with shipping a variety of products to increase efficiency and face competition. Over time, TMPL not only met the demand for crude oil but also started shipping refined products on a regular basis. In particular, in 1993, TMPL was considered to be "the only major system in the world that could transport both crude oil and refined products simultaneously."
The shift has had a significant impact on industrial patterns, in part because surrounding refineries have shifted from refining to storage and distribution, and has also affected the region's economic structure.
Environmental impact of pipelines
“TMPL’s expansion plan faces multiple challenges to the environment and indigenous communities, which has caused many people to question its future.”
In addition to the improved economic benefits, TMPL's expansion plan also faces legal challenges and social movements for environmental protection. Many environmentalists and Indigenous groups pointed out that the pipeline would pass directly through unauthorized Indigenous lands, and these concerns were recognized by the Supreme Court in 2020.
Debate and protest
As the expansion plan progresses, protests are growing. From municipal governments to local communities, many people are fiercely resisting for the future of the environment and culture. In particular, the concerns of indigenous peoples have challenged the legitimacy of the entire plan. In 2014, protesters camped out in Burnaby Mountain Park in an effort to stop construction, leading to more than 100 arrests.
“Does the government’s decision-making really take into account the living environment of these communities and future generations?”
Conclusion
TMC officially started operations in 2024, and after a long period of controversy, the pipeline was finally put back into use. Its opening will not only enhance Canada's crude oil export capacity, but will also trigger deeper social discussions. With increasing attention paid to environmental issues and social responsibility, how can we balance the benefits and risks behind pipeline construction?
