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Beyond tradition: Do you know the key differences between AESA and PESA?
As technology advances, radar technology is also evolving. The two main phased array technologies – active electronically scanned array (AESA) and passive electronically scanned array (PESA) – are important components in this process. There are significant differences between the two systems in terms of working principles, applications and technical specifications, which have far-reaching impacts on both military and civilian applications.
Basic Concepts of AESA and PESA
AESA is an advanced phased array antenna system designed to electronically scan a radar beam in different directions using a computer-controlled antenna array without moving the antenna. Each antenna element is connected to a small solid-state transmit/receive module (TRM), which is controlled by a computer and performs the functions of both transmitter and receiver.
In contrast, all antenna elements of PESA are connected to a single transmitter or receiver via phase shifters. This means that PESA can only transmit a single radar beam during one operation. In order to obtain multiple beams simultaneously, PESA must use the Butler matrix technology.
Historical BackgroundAESA can emit multiple beams simultaneously, which makes it more flexible in tracking and control, and has higher anti-interference ability.
AESA and PESA technology has undergone significant development since the 1960s. In 1960, Bell Laboratories in the United States proposed using a phased array system to replace the Nike Zeus radar. Subsequently, this system gradually evolved into ZMAR (Zeus Multi-function Array Radar) and MAR (Multi-function Array Radar). The Soviet Union developed the first APAR system, the 5N65, between 1963 and 1965.
With the continuous advancement of technology, the AESA system was first applied in the Japan Self-Defense Force's J/FPS-3 in 1995, and was further used in ship-borne and airborne platforms.
Advantages of AESAThe core of AESA technology is that it combines the transmitter, receiver and antenna into a small module. This design makes the system smaller and more flexible.
The dominant feature of AESA is its ability to form multiple scanning beams simultaneously. Each of its modules can operate at a different frequency, which enables AESA to perform better in jamming countermeasures. Compared with PESA, AESA can transmit and receive signals more flexibly, greatly improving the concealment of the radar system.
Low Probability of Intercept
AESA systems are designed to make their signals more difficult to intercept by enemy radar. Compared with traditional radar, AESA can randomly change the transmission frequency to reduce the chance of being detected.
High anti-interference
In addition, AESA is also excellent in anti-interference ability. Traditional jamming technology will be ineffective when facing variable frequency radar, but AESA can randomly change the signal frequency within the beam to improve anti-interference capabilities.
AESA Limitations
While AESA systems offer several advantages, they do have limitations. For example, the maximum beam angle of an AESA is approximately ±45 degrees, which means that in some cases the system may require additional auxiliary devices to achieve greater viewing angle coverage.
Current System List
Across the globe, many military and civilian platforms use AESA technology for strategic deployment, including advanced fighters such as the US F-35 and F-22 and China's J-20, demonstrating the importance of AESA technology in modern Importance in war.
In summary, AESA technology has surpassed traditional PESA and has demonstrated more significant advantages in military applications. However, with the continuous development of science and technology, what unprecedented breakthroughs will the new generation of radar technology bring?
