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Did you know how biaxial tensile testing can help us design better biomaterials?
Technological advances continue to drive innovation in the engineering and manufacturing industries, and biaxial tensile testing is becoming an important technology in the design and evaluation of biomaterials. This technology is able to stress a material in two perpendicular axes simultaneously, allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of its mechanical properties.
Compared with traditional uniaxial tensile testing, biaxial tensile testing can more effectively reveal various characteristics of materials, especially those biomaterials with directional microstructures. In biaxial testing, the research and development process can be accelerated by reducing the number of samples required.Biaxial tensile testing often provides a more complete description of material properties, which in turn facilitates more precise design of sensors, implants, and other biomaterials.
Purpose of Biaxial Tensile Testing
This test is effective in evaluating the mechanical properties of isotropic materials without compression, which is particularly important for developing biomaterials. Uniaxial testing often does not fully describe the performance of materials after elastic behavior, while biaxial testing can provide in-depth analysis of plastic behavior, which is critical for predicting material failure under complex stress states.
Test Equipment
Biaxial tensile testing equipment generally consists of a motor-driven testing machine, two load cells, and a clamping system. The precise coordination of these components allows for accurate and reproducible testing.
Motor drive system
The motor assembly is capable of imparting precise displacements on a material sample. If only one motor is used, the displacement in both directions is the same, and only the equi-uniaxial state can be achieved; however, if four independent motors are used, all load conditions can be achieved, which makes the biaxial tensile test superior in performance. Other testing methods.
Load Sensor
Load cells are mounted in two orthogonal directions to measure the opposing reaction forces of the material sample. Testing can be performed under load-controlled or displacement-controlled conditions, depending on the equipment setup. For elastic materials, the loading history is not important, however for viscoelastic materials, the loading rate may affect the results.
Fixture system
The design of the clamping system is critical because it directly affects how the load is applied and how uniformly it is applied. Today's fixture systems still lack standardized designs, which requires further efforts from the materials science community.
Sample Shape
The choice of specimen shape directly affects the success of biaxial testing. The most commonly used shapes are square and cross, especially in fiber materials or reinforced composites, where it is important to ensure that the fibers are aligned with the direction of the applied load to minimize shear stress.
Biaxial Test Method
Many materials may exhibit different behaviors under different loading conditions, making biaxial tension testing an effective testing method. Small impact test (SPT) and hydraulic bulge test (HBT) are two methods that apply biaxial tension.
Small Shock Test (SPT)
The miniature impact test is a miniaturized test method suitable for evaluating localized degradation of materials in nuclear power components. This method requires only a small sample and reduces the impact on the part being used, making it a good choice for non-destructive testing.
Hydraulic Bulge Test (HBT)
This test method can accurately measure various mechanical properties of thin film materials, especially in the case of large deformation, and the data obtained can better describe the plastic behavior of the material.
Future Outlook
With the rapid development of biomaterials technology, the application of biaxial tensile testing in material design will become increasingly important. This not only involves the creation of medical devices, but may also extend to many other industries, further promoting the advancement of materials science.
Do you also want to know what innovative technologies biaxial tensile testing will influence in the future?
