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Hidden Crisis: Do you know how Nipah virus spreads between humans and animals?
Nipah virus is a highly lethal virus spread by bats that has wreaked havoc in Southeast Asia, causing multiple outbreaks. The virus is mysterious and deadly, leaving many countries anxious about its potential spread and danger. Facts about Nipah virus Many people don’t know much about it, especially how it spreads between humans and animals.
The Nipah virus has a shocking mortality rate of 40% to 75%.
Virology and transmission
Nipah virus is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Henipavirus genus. The viral genome is as long as 18kb, far exceeding other paramyxoviruses. Its shape varies widely and may be linear or spherical, and contains a helical nucleocapsid. The two main receptors for Nipah virus, Ephrin B2 and B3, are mainly distributed in specific areas of the brain, which allows the virus to invade quickly and effectively when infecting humans or other animals. In nature, the main host of Nipah virus is flying fox (Pteropus) bats, which may contain the virus in their urine and saliva. In fact, this type of virus is widely distributed in Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and other places. In some cases, humans may become infected through contact with the saliva, urine, or tissue of infected animals.Understanding how Nipah virus is transmitted is key to preventing future outbreaks.
Symptoms and History
The main symptoms of Nipah virus infection include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, sore throat, etc. As the disease progresses, patients may experience confusion, acute encephalitis, and even epilepsy and multiple organ failure. Nipah virus was first recorded in Malaysia in 1998, when it infected 265 people and killed 108, an outbreak that attracted global attention. Although the outbreak was brought under control in Malaysia, Nipah virus later reappeared in Bangladesh, India and other places. Recent data shows that the outbreak in India in 2023 and 2024 has revived, causing several deaths, which has once again aroused the whole society's vigilance against the virus."We cannot ignore the potential harm of this virus and the transmission pathways behind it."
Future threats and mitigation measures
Nipah virus is classified as a Category C biological threat by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, meaning more outbreaks are likely in the future. WHO has also listed Nipah virus as a research priority, and finding new diagnostics, treatments and vaccines is the current direction of efforts. The expansion of global travel and trade exposes the entire world to potential risks that require strong international cooperation and a rapid response system. There is currently no specific drug or vaccine for Nipah virus, and supportive treatment for critically ill patients is the main countermeasure at present. The latest research and clinical testing are underway, but there are still many challenges in developing an effective vaccine.Summary The transmission routes and impacts of Nipah virus cannot be ignored. As contact between humans and animals continues to increase, the potential danger of this virus is increasing. Against this backdrop, all sectors of society should pay more attention to public health in order to cope with possible challenges in the future. Faced with the threat of the virus, are we prepared to deal with the upcoming epidemic?"Developing vaccines and treatments is the top priority in responding to the epidemic."
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