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Scientific miracle: Why do rotating black holes distort space-time?
With the development of science, one of the most mysterious existences in the universe - black hole, has gradually come onto the stage. Among them, the rotating black hole is particularly fascinating. The space-time structure of rotating black holes not only guides our thinking about the nature of the universe, but also challenges our fundamental understanding of space and time.
A rotating black hole has been described as having a geometry that corresponds to its rotation, producing an effect called "frame dragging," which causes surrounding objects to rotate along with the black hole.
A paradigm of rotating black holes: the Kerr metric
The Kerr metric is a set of equations used to describe the structure of spacetime around a rotating black hole. This geometry was discovered by mathematician Roy Kerr in 1963 and became an important solution to Einstein's general theory of relativity. The Kerr metric not only extends the Schwarzschild metric, but also provides an important theoretical basis for other properties such as frame dragging.
In fact, a rotating black hole will produce a distortion effect on space-time centered on its rotational angular momentum, which means that when objects approach a rotating black hole, their motion paths will be loaded and outlined into a vortex-like shape. Trajectory.
Frame dragging effect
In the Kerr metric, the frame-dragging effect produced by a rotating black hole means that when objects enter the black hole's sphere of influence, they must move along with the black hole's rotation. This phenomenon was verified in 2011 by the Gravitational Probe B experiment, proving that the theory of black hole rotation is correct.
The effect is like being on a spinning merry-go-round and as you get closer you feel the rotation pulling you toward the center.
Energy Extraction: Penrow Process
Another importance of rotating black holes lies in the so-called Penrow process. This means that scientists can use the rotation properties of a black hole to extract energy, and in some cases, this energy extraction may even reach the total mass-energy upper limit of the black hole. This process will open up new directions for future energy acquisition.
Relationship between event horizon and Ergo sphere
There are two important surfaces around a rotating black hole: the event horizon and the Ergo sphere. The event horizon is the "boundary" of a black hole. Once entered, no object can escape. In the Ergo sphere region outside the event horizon, the movement of objects is forced by the rotation of the black hole and must follow the rotation of the black hole.
"This image of the universe shows how gravity controls the motion of objects, making it impossible for objects trapped in a black hole to escape."
Challenges and revelations of general relativity
Studying the space-time structure of rotating black holes is not only an important topic in general relativity, but also allows us to think about the diversity and complexity of existence. In the exploration of these theories, we not only reveal the connections between various phenomena in the universe, but also promote the further development of physical and astronomical theories.
"Miracles of Science" focuses on these unsolved mysteries and encourages readers to imagine how the eternally rotating black holes in the depths of the universe affect the flow of time and space?
