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The Fantastic Changes in the Status of Women in Spain: What Happened from Fascism to Democracy?
The status of women in Spain has undergone profound changes from fascist rule to the democratic era. This process not only reflects the changes in social structure, but also demonstrates the important progress made by women in public life, family structure and legal rights. Since the 1990s, Spain's political and social environment has undergone dramatic changes, especially the concept of gender equality has become more deeply rooted in people's minds. However, these changes have not been smooth sailing, and there are still many challenges and inequalities that affect women’s lives.
Changes in social status
Under fascist rule, Spanish social mores emphasized the traditional role of women, who were expected to be housewives and limited their social participation. In the early 1970s, about 22% of adult women were in the labor force; by 1984, that proportion had risen to 33%. The reasons behind this change include improved education for women and changes in social attitudes.
"During the fascist period, the law discriminated against married women very severely. Many basic rights were taken away from them, and the law clearly stipulated that wives could only work with the consent of their husbands."
In 1975, Spain abolished the so-called "marriage license" for men, which was seen as an important step in the liberation of women. With the opening up of social and political environment, Spanish women have gradually begun to speak out in all fields of society, and their status has been significantly improved, especially in politics and education.
Changes in family life
As society changes, family structures in Spain continue to change. Fascist governments expected the traditional family model, but when democratic regimes were established, diversity in family formation was gradually recognized. Since the 1990s, cohabiting marriages have become increasingly popular, with the rate of non-marital births reaching 44.4% in 2015.
"Views on traditional marriage are changing, with more than 30% of Spanish respondents believing that 'marriage is an outdated institution.'"
Violence and Women’s Rights
Gender violence in Spain remained an issue that was ignored during the fascist period. The government has not properly punished the perpetrators, and social culture has not been able to express a good response to domestic violence. After the establishment of a democratic system, the government began to legislate to protect women's rights. Since 1992, sexual intercourse within marriage has had to be consensual, a law that has changed the status of women in the family.
"In 2004, new laws comprehensively strengthened protection measures against gender-based violence, marking a major step forward in protecting women's rights in Spain."
Reproductive rights and health rights
In 1941, contraception was banned in Spain. It was not until 1978 that the law made corresponding legal regulations on contraception and abortion. In 2006, the abortion law was amended again, allowing women to request an abortion within 14 weeks. While abortion remains a politically controversial topic, many women have access to better health care as public health services improve.
The symbolism of International Women's Day
On International Women's Day in 2018, a large number of demonstrations were held in Spain, with women's organizations calling on all women to strike to protest against gender inequality. This incident reflects the growing awareness of women and concern for their rights in society. At that time, more than 250 demonstrations were held across the country, becoming an important display to promote women's rights.
Summary"During the demonstrations, many women shouted out their rights and demanded laws against gender-based violence."
From fascist rule to the current democratic system, the status of Spanish women has undergone significant changes. Despite significant progress in the legal and social status of women, many challenges remain, particularly with regard to the gender pay gap and social stereotypes. As time goes by, the younger generation's understanding of traditional gender roles becomes more advanced. Whether this can bring about real change is still a question worth our deep consideration.
