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The four major forms of matter: Do you know the secrets of solid, liquid, gas and plasma?
In our daily lives, we come into contact with four main forms of matter: solids, liquids, gases and plasma. The existence of these forms is not just a concept in physics, but also has a profound impact on our lives and surrounding environment. So, what are the secrets behind these four forms of matter?
Solid
A solid is a major form of matter characterized by its component particles (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) being tightly packed and governed primarily by strong attractions. These particles cannot move freely and can only undergo tiny vibrations, so solids have a fixed shape and volume.
Solids can be changed in shape by external forces, such as breaking or cutting.
For example, ice, the solid form of water, can exist in a variety of crystal structures that form at different pressures and temperatures. In addition, solids can become liquids through the melting process, and liquids can solidify into solids through cooling.
Liquids
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that changes shape to match the shape of its container but maintains a roughly constant volume. The particles of the liquid remain tightly packed but are free to move around, which makes the liquid's shape fluid.
When a solid is heated to its melting point, it turns into a liquid.
For example, water becomes liquid when its temperature rises above its melting point, while its volume remains relatively constant as long as the pressure remains constant. A liquid can no longer exist in a liquid state at a certain critical temperature, at which point it turns into a gas.
Gas
A gas is a compressible fluid that has great freedom of movement and can expand to fill its container. The molecular motion energy of gases is very high, so the interaction forces between molecules are relatively small.
The shape and volume of a gas are variable and depend entirely on the container it is in.
For example, a liquid can be turned into a gas by applying heat or reducing the pressure. When the temperature is below its critical temperature, a gas is called a vapor and can be liquefied simply by compression without cooling.
Plasma
Plasma is a special state of gas. When subjected to high-energy heat or voltage, the electrons in the gas are excited and leave the atoms, forming positively charged ions and free electrons. This gives plasma a high degree of electrical conductivity and other unique properties.
In the universe, 99% of ordinary matter exists in the form of plasma, which is what all stars are made of.
The sun's corona, some types of fire, and stars themselves are examples of plasmas. Although plasma is not common on Earth, it can be generated by natural or artificial phenomena such as lightning and fluorescent lighting.
Phase Transition
The state of matter is also affected by phase transitions, which can be understood as changes in structure and are often accompanied by sudden changes in properties. Take water as an example. Its state can change due to changes in temperature and pressure. Such transformations can form liquid, solid and gas.
When approaching absolute zero, matter exists in a solid state. As heat is added, it gradually turns into liquid and gas, and may eventually enter a plasma state.
Non-classical state
In addition to the four basic forms of matter, there are also some non-classical states of matter, such as glass, liquid crystal and superfluid. These states also affect our technology and life in daily life. For example, the operating principle of liquid crystal displays depends on the characteristics of the liquid crystal state.
End
Understanding the four major forms of matter and their magical transformation process allows us to further grasp the essence and characteristics of matter. There may be more amazing new phase transitions and forms in the future. Are you ready to explore this mysterious world?
