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The Invisible Enemy of U.S. Wheat: Why is the Lower Grain Borer a Disaster in Stored Grains?
In the process of global wheat storage and transportation, there is an invisible enemy that makes farmers and businessmen anxious, that is, the lesser grain borer, scientific name Rhyzopertha dominica. This small beetle is known for the damage it causes to stored grains and is known as a "parasite" that exploits human food storage systems. Its emergence not only affects the quality of wheat, but also has a profound impact on global food security.
Life cycle and ecological habits
"The life cycle of Rhyzopertha dominica includes four stages: egg, larvae, pupa and adult. This beetle usually lays eggs in grain, and the larvae then carry out destructive feeding."
The insect has an average length of about 2.1 to 3.0 millimeters, a body color ranging from reddish brown to dark brown, and a cylindrical shape. R. dominica is able to multiply rapidly in the right environment, especially in dry grains, making it a scourge in stored grains. According to research, the ideal breeding temperature is 28°C and 50% relative humidity.
Global distribution and invasiveness
While the origin of Rhyzopertha dominica remains unclear, scientists generally believe it may have originated from the Indian subcontinent. Today, the beetle has a global distribution, especially in warmer climates. This phenomenon was driven in part by human commercial activities, such as grain transportation, which drove its rapid spread.
Male and female behavior and reproduction
In terms of mating behavior, females do not actively attract males. Instead, they release pheromones to promote mating after the males come into contact with them. Impressively, this species requires multiple matings in order to effectively fertilize its eggs.
Impact of intrusion
“Once it invades grain, R. dominica quickly causes extensive damage, leaving behind a sweet smell and abundant droppings, further reducing the quality of the grain.”
The impact of this pest is not limited to wheat but extends to a variety of cereals and legumes, even posing a threat to peanuts. Its existence challenges traditional storage methods, and how to effectively prevent and control it becomes an urgent issue.
Control method
Current control methods for Rhyzopertha dominica include a variety of physical, chemical and biological control strategies. Physical controls include regulating the storage environment, cleaning storage equipment, and using low-temperature ventilation to inhibit the growth of pests; chemical control relies on the use of chemical pesticides, such as phosphine, but due to the increase in pesticide resistance problems, the effect is greatly reduced.
Future challenges
Although many strategies have been proposed to combat атал as a major threat in wheat storage, there is still no method that can completely eliminate this pest. This makes food security continue to be challenged.
When facing this invisible enemy, how should we use existing resources and science and technology to ensure food security?
