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The magic of the nozzle: How to increase the speed of fluid to the limit?
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow, particularly to increase the velocity of a fluid as it leaves a closed cavity or conduit. Nozzles are usually tubes or pipes of varying cross-sectional areas that direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). The application range of nozzles is quite wide, including the control of flow rate, speed, direction, quality, shape and even outflow pressure.
In a nozzle, the velocity of the fluid is increased at the expense of its pressure energy.
Nozzle Types
Jet
Gas jets, fluid jets or hydrojets are used to eject gas or liquid into the surrounding medium in a continuous stream. These nozzles are widely used in gas stoves, ovens and barbecue grills. In the past, gas jets have also been used to provide lighting. In some devices, such as carburetors, fluid jets are used to regulate the flow of fuel into the engine, and in spas, they do the same. More specialized nozzles, such as laminar flow nozzles, are designed to provide a smoother pressure and flow, which makes the fountain more effective.
High velocity nozzle
The primary goal of a nozzle is usually to increase the kinetic energy of a fluid, initially from its internal energy and pressure energy. In terms of nozzle design, it can be mainly divided into contraction type (contracting from large diameter to small diameter) and expansion type (expanding from small diameter to large diameter). For example, the de Laval nozzle first converges and then expands, which can increase the fluid velocity and, in this form, accelerate the flow of supersonic fluids more efficiently.
The nozzle shape is designed to ensure that the escaping gases are directed directly backwards and any lateral elements do not contribute to thrust.
Propulsion nozzle
The sprinkler generates thrust through the energy gained from burning fuel. The hot gas is at a higher pressure than the outside air, and its speed increases as it escapes through the propulsion nozzles. To generate thrust, the exhaust velocity must exceed the aircraft's flight speed, and too great a speed difference wastes fuel.
Electromagnetic nozzle
Electromagnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some propulsion types, such as VASIMR, which direct the plasma stream through a magnetic field rather than a solid wall.
Spray nozzle
Many nozzles are capable of producing a very fine spray of liquid. Spray nozzles are widely used in the fields of spray paint, perfume and internal combustion engine carburetors.
Vacuum nozzle
Vacuum cleaner nozzles come in a variety of shapes and are specially designed for easy cleaning.
Molding nozzle
Some nozzle shapes are designed to produce fluids of specific shapes. For example, the nozzle used for extrusion molding is called a die, which is used to produce products such as metals or plastics with specific cross-sections.
Since specially designed nozzles help achieve higher flow efficiencies, imagine what kind of breakthroughs this could bring in future technology?
How will future nozzle technologies change our understanding and application of fluid dynamics?
