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The Secret Journey of Electrons: Do you know how electrons travel through matter?
Electron scattering occurs when electrons move from their original orbit. This phenomenon is usually due to electrostatic interactions within the substance, or in the presence of an external magnetic field, the electrons may be deflected by the Lorentz force. Electron scattering occurs primarily in solid materials such as metals, semiconductors, and insulators, and is a performance limiting factor in integrated circuits and transistors.
Electron scattering covers many fields from basic science to applied technology. From fast electrons in electron microscopes to hadron systems at very high energies, electron scattering technology can be used to measure the charge distribution of nuclei and their structures. .
In solid materials, electrons can be scattered in several ways: zero scattering, when the electrons are completely unaffected and pass in a straight line; single scattering, when the electrons are scattered only once; multiple scattering, when the electrons are scattered multiple times; and multiple scattering, When electrons are scattered multiple times. The probability of electron scattering and the degree of scattering are probability functions of the sample thickness and mean free path. These basic properties allow scientists in many fields to study the microstructure of matter in depth.
History of electron scattering
The idea of the electron was first proposed by the natural philosopher Richard Laming between 1838 and 1851. He speculated on a subatomic particle with a single charge and pictured the atom as an "electrical particle" of electrical particles surrounding the core of a material. layer". However, it was not until 1897 that J.J. Thomson was widely regarded as the first scientist to discover the electron. Later, with the contributions of many scientists such as George Johnston Stoney, Emile Victor and others, the charged particle theory was gradually improved and recognized.
Compton scattering was first observed by Arthur Compton at Washington University in St. Louis in 1923, for which he won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. This discovery greatly advanced our understanding of the basic properties of light. understand.
The phenomenon of electron scattering
The scattering of electrons through electric or magnetic fields can be described very precisely using the theory of quantum electrodynamics. In this context, the main pupil was the Lorentz force, which describes the behavior of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Its formula can be expressed as:
F = qE + q(v × B)
Among them, qE is the electric force exerted by the electric field E on the particle q, and q(v × B) is the magnetic force produced by the magnetic field B when the particle q moves at the speed v. The existence of this formula further clarifies how electrons move and interact with other particles in different physical environments.
Collision between electrons and particles
The interaction between two particles can be distinguished by elastic scattering and inelastic scattering. In elastic scattering, the collision between particles retains the total kinetic energy, which means that the internal states of the two particles remain unchanged; inelastic scattering results in kinetic energy not being retained, the internal state of the particles may change, and energy conversion to other forms such as heat energy or sound waves.
When collisions between particles can involve structural changes in every sense of the word, this is not only the basis of electronic physics, but also the cornerstone of modern technology.
Conclusion
With the help of science and technology, we can deeply understand the various behaviors of electronics and explore how to use this knowledge to promote the development of new technologies. However, in this vast physical universe, what unknown electron travels are waiting for us to explore in the future?
