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The secret of stem cells: Why can stromal stem cells transform into multiple cell types?
Stromal stem cells are non-hematopoietic, multipotent and self-replicating cells that can develop into a variety of cell types, making them ideal tools in cell therapy and tissue repair.
Stromal stem cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are found in the bone marrow but can also be found throughout the body. These cells can become connective tissue cells and play an important role in supporting the function of organs. Stromal stem cells are not only key in helping hematopoietic cells form essential blood elements, but are also part of the body's immune response. Studies have shown that the interaction between stromal stem cells and tumor cells plays a major role in the growth and advancement of cancer.
It is important to define stromal stem cells to avoid confusion. In the past, the lack of clear divisions meant that research could not intersect or learn from each other, which was very detrimental to scientific development. Currently, we specifically define stromal stem cells as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). These cells are not only found in the bone marrow, but can also be found in a variety of tissues, including adipose tissue, endometrium, synovial fluid, dental tissue, amnion and placenta.
In addition to being multipotent, stromal stem cells also have tri-lineage differentiation capabilities and can transform into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes.
During the normal wound healing process, local stromal stem cells transform into reactive stromal cells. However, under certain conditions, tumor cells can further transform these reactive stromal cells to generate tumor-associated stromal cells (TASCs). These TASCs secrete higher levels of proteins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) than non-reactive stromal cells, which are particularly important for tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, these cells secrete a variety of tumor-promoting factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other cytokines, which further recruit tumor-promoting cells and promote the spread of tumors.
In addition, stromal stem cells also play an important role in immune regulation. These cells can maintain the body's immune balance by regulating the activities of various immune cells. Studies have shown that stromal stem cells can suppress excessive immune responses and prevent the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. These cells can effectively regulate the activity of other immune cells through mechanisms that depend on contact or secretion of substances.
The anti-inflammatory properties of stromal stem cells offer lucrative potential in the treatment of high-risk autoimmune diseases.
In terms of the prospects for the use of stem cells, many studies have explored their application in autoimmune diseases, wound healing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19. What is unique about stromal stem cells is that these cells are barely recognized by the immune system, which could be good news for future stem cell therapies.
However, there are still many challenges in the application of stromal stem cells, because most of the research is still conducted in a controlled environment, which may affect the actual effect of the cells. Therefore, it is necessary to further understand their actual effects and potentials in vivo.
The diversity and regulatory capabilities of stromal stem cells allow scientists to imagine their potential applications in future medical treatments. Unlocking the secrets of stem cells may open up a new path for treatment. Can future research discover more potential of these cells and apply them to clinical practice to benefit our lives?
