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The surprising truth behind cerebral ischemia: Why does it cause irreversible brain damage?
Cerebral ischemia is a condition in which the brain does not receive enough blood to meet its metabolic needs. This condition leads to insufficient oxygen supply, which can cause death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction (ischemic stroke). Symptoms of cerebral ischemia may include impaired vision, movement disorders and speech difficulties, which not only affect the patient's quality of life but may also cause long-term damage.
The devastating effects of cerebral ischemia are localized in specific brain regions, depending on the type and extent of the ischemia.
Cerebral ischemia can be divided into two forms: local ischemia and systemic ischemia. Local ischemia affects only a specific area of the brain, whereas global ischemia affects multiple areas throughout the brain. When blood flow is interrupted for more than 10 seconds, the patient may lose consciousness; if it is interrupted for more than a few minutes, it usually causes irreversible brain damage.
Symptoms and signs
Symptoms of cerebral ischemia are related to the areas of the brain that are deprived of blood oxygen. For example, when ischemia occurs in the arteries that branch from the internal carotid artery, symptoms such as monocular blindness and unilateral weakness of the hands and feet may occur. In the case of vertebral artery ischemia, patients may experience symptoms such as dizziness, double vision, or bilateral weakness.
Symptoms of ischemia can range from mild to severe, lasting from seconds to minutes to hours; if irreversible damage to the brain occurs, these symptoms may become permanent.
During ischemia, if cells cannot get necessary gases and nutrients, they will begin to die rapidly, leading to serious consequences. In some cases, cumulative ischemia can lead to vascular depression, which is a growing concern particularly among elderly patients.
Causes
There are many causes of cerebral ischemia, including sickle cell anemia, heart abnormalities, and arteriosclerosis, which are all risk factors. These lesions lead to restricted blood supply, resulting in insufficient oxygen supply to the brain, causing ischemia. The formation of plaques and blood clots in the arteries are both important causes of cerebral ischemia.
PathophysiologyCompression of cerebral blood vessels often leads to ischemia, while blood clots may completely block blood flow, further worsening the condition.
The occurrence of cerebral ischemia makes it impossible for the brain to carry out effective aerobic metabolism, and the lack of energy supply leads to the rapid death of neurons. When blood flow is interrupted, the electrochemical gradient of the cell loses balance, causing a large influx of calcium ions into the cell, triggering a series of cell death reactions.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of cerebral ischemia usually requires imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scan, to determine the extent and nature of the ischemia. In addition, biomarkers have shown potential in the prediction and diagnosis of ischemic stroke.
TreatmentCurrently, the commonly used drug for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke is alteplase (t-PA), and timely administration can help improve the condition. In addition, supportive therapy and symptomatic treatment are also indispensable parts. Maintaining systemic blood pressure and avoiding epileptic seizures are important measures to promote brain tissue recovery.
Research Progress
According to new research, therapeutic hypothermia shows some potential after cerebral ischemia, although the evidence is currently limited. More importantly, awareness of the possible long-term consequences of ischemia and hypoxia is key to improving patients' quality of life.
In today's society, understanding the relevant knowledge about cerebral ischemia can not only increase vigilance, but also effectively prevent accidents. Do you know enough about your brain's health to protect yourself from the threat of ischemia?
