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The Transformation of Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Use Disorders: Why Does the DSM-5 Redefine the Concept?
In the past, alcohol dependence was considered a psychiatric diagnosis, with individuals believed to be physically or psychologically dependent on alcohol. However, since 2013, this definition has been redefined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as alcohol use disorder, which means that the diagnoses of alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse have been merged into one. In a concept. What is the reason behind this change?
Definition and Diagnosis
In DSM-IV, to be diagnosed with alcohol dependence, at least three of the following seven conditions must be met over a 12-month period:
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal symptoms or clinically defined alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- Usage exceeds expectations or lasts too long
- Persistent cravings or unsuccessful efforts to reduce alcohol use
- Extensive time spent obtaining alcohol or recovering from its effects
- Give up or reduce social, occupational, and leisure activities due to alcohol use
- Continue to use alcohol despite knowing that it is harmful to your physical and mental health
Screening tools for alcohol use disorder
Today, AUDIT has replaced older screening tools such as CAGE as a more accurate test specifically designed to identify potential alcohol abuse problems.
AUDIT was developed by the World Health Organization for use in primary care settings.
In addition, there are other screening tools such as the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SAD-Q), which is a 20-item scale specifically designed to assess the severity of alcohol dependence.
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms
Upon cessation of drinking, an alcohol-dependent person may experience a range of withdrawal symptoms, which vary in severity from person to person, depending on the drinking history and the individual's physical and psychological condition.
Common withdrawal symptoms include:
- Mild: nausea, vomiting, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, depression, insomnia
- Severe: Seizures, hallucinations, dehydration, extreme mood swings
Treatment methods
Treatment for alcohol use disorder can be divided into two categories: one for those with severe dependence and the other for those at risk of becoming dependent.
Treatment usually involves:
- Support Group
- Psychotherapy
- Short-term goal setting
The ultimate goal is to achieve complete abstinence from alcohol and to help the individual establish a healthy lifestyle and relationships.
Epidemiology and genetic factors
According to statistics, about 12% of American adults have faced alcohol dependence problems in their lifetime. In the UK, around 9% of men and 4% of women show signs of alcohol dependence. Research suggests there may be genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence, meaning some people may be more susceptible to its effects than others.
Conclusion
The understanding and diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence have evolved over time, and research in this area continues. The redefinition of DSM-5 is not only a change in diagnosis, but also an innovation in treatment concepts. Will this change lead to more effective treatments and a better understanding of individuals? Is it worth further thinking and exploring?
