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What is MIH? What's the story behind this mysterious tooth defect?
Across the globe, many children are affected by a dental defect known as molar-incisor hypoplasia (MIH). It is reported that the global prevalence of MIH is about 12.9%, mainly occurring in children under ten years old. This tooth defect originates from a mineralization disorder during the maturation of tooth enamel, giving the affected teeth an unusual color.
MIH is often characterized by discoloration of the teeth; the affected teeth may appear yellow, brown, cream, or white in color, and are sometimes nicknamed "cheese teeth."
While there is no definitive answer to the cause of MIH, many studies have suggested that a variety of factors may affect the normal development of tooth enamel, including premature birth, certain medical conditions, fever, and antibiotic use. In addition, genetic and epigenetic changes are also thought to play a role in the development of MIH. This makes MIH a multifactorial problem, and further research is needed to determine its etiology.
Signs and symptoms of MIH
The appearance of teeth affected by MIH may vary. In some cases, the enamel of one molar may be damaged while the opposite molar is completely unaffected or has only minor defects. This asymmetry is often confusing to parents and doctors.
The effects of MIH are usually seen as mottled or irregular discoloration of the teeth, and the most obvious feature is the difficulty in visually distinguishing normal from affected enamel.
Manifestations of MIH may also include tooth sensitivity, difficulty with anesthesia, and pain during dental treatment. These effects may have a direct impact on a child's mental health and self-esteem, especially when the front teeth are affected, and parents' concerns are self-evident.
Possible Causes
The exact cause of MIH remains unknown, but a number of postoperative and postnatal factors are thought to be major contributors to this condition. Studies have shown that premature birth, cesarean section, urinary tract infection, ear infection, etc. may be related to the development of MIH. Even more troubling, the use of certain antibiotics may also increase the risk of developing it.
The study also showed that maternal psychological stress and frequent ultrasound examinations were associated with the risk of MIH.
All of this makes us wonder, what else can we do to raise awareness of MIH and improve dental health?
Diagnosis of MIH
In order to correctly diagnose MIH, it is necessary to exclude other brain or dental diseases, such as tooth decay, dental fluorosis, and hypoplasia, and to adopt appropriate diagnostic procedures. Children are usually required to have a dental examination when they are around eight years old, because most of the first molars and incisors have erupted at this time, which is the best time for diagnosis.
Treatment and prevention
There are a variety of treatment options for MIH, but the key is to detect the problem early. Depending on the severity of MIH, treatment may include the use of fluoride to reduce sensitivity or fillings or restorations to affected teeth. Preventive measures, such as providing proper dietary advice and toothpaste usage recommendations, are also essential to maintaining oral health.
Studies have shown that providing fluoride protective rubber and appropriate restorative procedures can effectively reduce dental problems in MIH patients.
As awareness of MIH increases, researchers and healthcare providers are working to find more effective treatment and prevention solutions. However, in the event of a global pandemic, are we fully prepared to respond? How to deal with this hidden challenge in children's oral health?
