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Exploring the mysterious world of the brain: How do Pujinji cells coordinate your every move?
Pulzinger cells, special neurons located in the cerebellar cortex, have become an important subject in neuroscience research since their discovery in 1837 by Czech physiologist Jacob Skorsky. Pukinger cells, with their flask-shaped cell bodies and numerous branching dendrites, are key players in regulating locomotor activity. Among them, Pujinji cells mainly release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This neurotransmitter has the effect of inhibiting neurons, thereby reducing the transmission of nerve impulses, thereby effectively coordinating body movements.
Structure
These cells are among the largest neurons in the human brain, and their complex dendritic tree-like structure gives them unique functions.
Pulkinger cells are located in the Pukinger layer of the cerebellum and are arranged like dominoes. Its large network of dendrites forms nearly two-dimensional layers and signals are transmitted through parallel fibers from small granule cells in the deeper layers. Each adult Pukinger cell receives approximately 500 synapses from crawling fibers on its side, and these fibers provide strong excitatory input and stop on the cell's dendrites and cell body.
Molecular Characteristics
In the Pukinger layer of the cerebellum, Pukinger cells and their adjacent Bagmann glia express a large number of unique genes. The study found that comparing the transcriptomes of mice lacking Pukinger cells with those of wild-type mice identified genetic signatures specific to Pukinger cells. For example, mice genetically deleted for Pulkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4) show impaired motor learning and reduced synaptic plasticity, all of which are attributed to its interaction with calcium ions and calcitonin. effect.
Development
The origin of neurogenesis in Pukinger cells has been explained in detail in studies of mammalian embryos.
Pulkinger cells originate from the ventricular region of the neural tube, so all cerebellar neurons originate from the reproductive neuroepithelium of the ventricles. These cells are usually formed during early development and gradually migrate to the outer layer of the cerebellar cortex as the brain develops to form the Pujinger cell layer. The latest research shows that bone marrow cells may be able to generate Pukinger cells through fusion or directly, and may also play a role in the repair of damage to the central nervous system.
Function
The physiological activity of Pukinger cells can be divided into two forms: simple spikes and complex spikes. Simple spikes have frequencies between 17 and 150 Hz, while complex spikes are slower, 1 to 3 Hz, and are characterized by an initial large-amplitude activity potential followed by small-amplitude high-frequency bursts. The interactions between these cells and the strength of synapses affect the body's ability to coordinate movements.
Clinical significance
Pulkinje cells are affected by many factors in the human body, such as toxin exposure, immune system diseases, genetic mutations, etc., which may cause damage to these cells. For example, in gluten ataxia, an autoimmune disease caused by the consumption of gluten, the death of Pukinger cells cannot be reversed, but early diagnosis and intervention with a gluten-free diet can improve the condition.
Conclusion
Pulkinje cells not only play a central role in human body movement coordination, but also provide many topics worthy of in-depth exploration in neuroscience research. Faced with such a mysterious and critical cell group, we can't help but ask: Can understanding the operation of Pujinji cells help us better explain and treat movement disorders?
