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The mysterious history of Kashmir: from a kingdom to a focus of contention between two countries!
Kashmir, a scorched land fought over by otters since ancient times, has a complex and fascinating history.
Kashmir, formerly a state in India and governed from 1952 to 2019, is the southern and southeastern part of the greater Kashmir region, which has been united by India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century The focus of contention between the three parties. The state has its roots in the former princely state of Kashmir and parts of its predecessor regions, including present-day Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, which are currently administered by Pakistan. In addition, the Aksai Chin region in the east has been controlled by China since 1962. As the Indian government abolished the special status granted to Kashmir under Article 370 in 2019, the Indian Parliament passed the Kashmir Reorganization Bill. The core content of the bill is to dissolve the state system and organize it into two federal districts: the western federal district of Kashmir. and Ladakh in the east, effective October 31, 2019. At the time, the state was the only state in India with a majority Muslim population.
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After the India-Pakistan War of 1947-1948, the kingdoms of Kashmir were divided between each other. India controlled Jammu, the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, while Pakistan controlled Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad. Kashmir. Maharaja Hari Singh signed the accession agreement on October 26, 1947, following the invasion of Pakistani tribal forces. In March 1948, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed Prime Minister of Kashmir and a provisional government was formed. In order to consolidate data regarding the accession agreement, the Constituent Assembly of India prepared draft Article 306-A, which eventually became Article 370. In October 1951, a constituent assembly was held to draft a new constitution for the Kingdom of Kashmir. Abdullah's Kashmir National Conference (National Conference) swept all seats in the election.
This agreement not only extends the citizenship and fundamental rights concepts of the Indian Constitution to the state, but also confirms that the state is an integral part of India.
In 1952, an agreement reached between Abdullah and Indian Prime Minister Nehru expanded some provisions of the Indian Constitution and proposed that Kashmir should retain specific autonomy rights. Kashmir's special status was further cemented when the proposals to form a constitution for Kashmir were approved on August 21, 1952.
Integration with India
However, Abdullah wanted to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the state's independence, eventually leading to his arrest in 1953. Later, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became the Prime Minister of Kashmir. In 1956, Article 370 was gradually improved and became a symbolic existence.
After the India-Pakistan war in 1971, the attack on the Kashmiri nationalist movement promoted more influence of the Indian central government in the state.
Kashmir rebellion
In the late 1980s, strong dissatisfaction with the federal government's repressive policies and accusations of fraud in the 1987 Kashmir State Assembly election led to the outbreak of a large-scale armed rebellion in Kashmir. Pakistan claims to support the separatist movement and has been accused of supporting some militant groups. Since 1989, violent conflicts and bloodshed have continued to occur in Kashmir.
Many emerging armed groups began to turn to Islamism, causing a fundamental change in the nature of the Kashmir issue.
Dissolution of Kashmir
In August 2019, the two houses of India passed a resolution to amend Article 370 of the Constitution, fully extending the constitution to Kashmir. At the same time, they passed the Kashmir Reorganization Act, disbanding the Kashmir state and establishing two federal districts, Kashmir and Ladakh. . This measure has attracted widespread attention from the international community.
The demographic structure of Kashmir has undergone many changes under Indian rule, demonstrating the difficult process of a special territory seeking sovereignty over decades. What does the future hold for the region? Does this mean the dawn of a more peaceful era?
