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The Mystery of Dark Matter: Why the Standard Model Can't Explain This Cosmic Mystery
In the world of physics, the "Standard Model" is a theoretical framework that has been developed many times and successfully describes the behavior of the three basic forces (electromagnetic force, weak force and strong force) and various elementary particles in the universe. . Although its success cannot be ignored, it has been ineffective in explaining certain phenomena in the universe, especially the existence of dark matter. This makes scientists wonder: Is this really the universe we understand?
The Standard Model cannot fully explain why the amount of matter in the universe is much greater than antimatter.
The foundation of the Standard Model began in the mid-20th century. With the development of particle physics, many theoretical and experimental data were gradually integrated. Since its establishment in the mid-1970s, it has achieved numerous major experimental successes, such as the confirmation of the existence of the top quark in 1995 and the discovery of the Higgs particle in 2012. These achievements not only strengthened the theoretical foundation of the Standard Model, but also paved the way for advancements in particle physics. However, this model cannot cover the behavior of all particles, especially the poorly understood dark matter.
Dark matter not only accounts for about 27% of the universe, but also plays a key role in the operation of galaxies and the formation of the structure of the universe. Despite the overwhelming amount of observational evidence supporting the existence of dark matter, the Standard Model offers no viable alternative or theory for dark matter particles. Scientists have yet to find particles that meet the observation conditions, which has become a major challenge to the Standard Model.
The Standard Model has so far failed to incorporate dark energy, which describes the accelerating expansion of the universe.
From a historical perspective, the development process of the Standard Model is full of challenges and breakthroughs. In 1928, the Dirac equation proposed by Paul Dirac introduced the concept of antimatter; in 1954, Chenning Yang and Mills expanded the gauge theory to provide an explanation for the strong interaction. These results laid the foundation for the later Standard Model and also revealed the complexity of the universe.
However, although the Standard Model successfully describes many phenomena, it has never been able to explain the scarcity of antimatter in the universe. According to theory, the Big Bang should have produced matter and antimatter in equal amounts, but current observations systematically show that the amount of matter is much greater than antimatter. This phenomenon is called "matter and antimatter asymmetry," and the Standard Model has no explanation for it.
At the same time, the existence of dark energy is also another unsolved mystery. Since the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe in 1998, scientists have been searching for its causes, but the standard model cannot effectively describe this phenomenon. This highlights the contradiction between existing theories and actual observations.
In the pursuit of new theories, many scientists are exploring multidimensional space, supersymmetry and other more exotic models to more fully explain the workings of the universe. For example, supersymmetry theories attempt to propose additional particles and give us new horizons beyond the Standard Model.
The nature of dark matter remains one of the major unsolved questions in contemporary physics.
Currently, candidates for dark matter include hypothetical particles such as WIMP (weakly interacting heavy particles) and AXION cavity resonators. However, so far, no experiments have observed these particles. This has led to fierce discussions in the physics community about "what is dark matter", both supporting and refuting it.
With the opening of new generation detectors such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), scientists hope to solve these mysteries. Whether by directly detecting dark matter or exploring deeper theories, these efforts aim to move beyond the constraints of the Standard Model. Future research will undoubtedly change our understanding of the universe and may even overturn some existing theories.
In this context, we can’t help but wonder whether the current scientific theories are enough to reveal all the secrets of the universe, or one day in the future, we will find a completely different theoretical framework to understand this mysterious universe. ?
