Shortened treatment regimens versus the standard regimen for drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis

Abstract

Abstract Background Tuberculosis causes more deaths than any other infectious disease worldwide, with pulmonary tuberculosis being the most common form. Standard first‐line treatment for drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis for six months comprises isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (HRZE) for two months, followed by HRE (in areas of high TB drug resistance) or HR, given over a four‐month continuation phase. Many people do not complete this full course. Shortened treatment regimens that are equally effective and safe could improve treatment success. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of shortened treatment regimens versus the standard six‐month treatment regimen for individuals with drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis. Search methods We searched the following databases up to 10 July 2019: the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase; the Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS); Science Citation Index‐Expanded; Indian Medlars Center; and the South Asian Database of Controlled Clinical Trials. We also searched the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Clinical Trials Unit of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the UK Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, and the Clinical Trials Registry India for ongoing trials. We checked the reference lists of identified articles to find additional relevant studies. Selection criteria We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs that compared shorter‐duration regimens (less than six months) versus the standard six‐month regimen for people of all ages, irrespective of HIV status, who were newly diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis by positive sputum culture or GeneXpert, and with presumed or proven drug‐sensitive tuberculosis. The primary outcome of interest was relapse within two years of completion of anti‐tuberculosis treatment (ATT). Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias for the included trials. For dichotomous outcomes, we used risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). When appropriate, we pooled data from the included trials in meta‐analyses. We assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results We included five randomized trials that compared fluoroquinolone‐containing four‐month ATT regimens versus standard six‐month ATT regimens and recruited 5825 adults with newly diagnosed drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis from 14 countries with high tuberculosis transmission in Asia, Africa, and Latin Ameria. Three were multi‐country trials that included a total of 572 HIV‐positive people. These trials excluded children, pregnant or lactating women, people with serious comorbid conditions, and those with diabetes mellitus. Four trials had multiple treatment arms. Moxifloxacin replaced ethambutol in standard four‐month, daily or thrice‐weekly ATT regimens in two trials; moxifloxacin replaced isoniazid in four‐month ATT regimens in two trials, was given daily in one trial, and was given with rifapentine instead of rifampicin daily for two months and twice weekly for two months in one trial. Moxifloxacin was added to standard ATT drugs for three to four months in one ongoing trial that reported interim results. Gatifloxacin replaced ethambutol in standard ATT regimens given daily or thrice weekly for four months in two trials. Follow‐up ranged from 12 months to 24 months after treatment completion for the majority of participants. Moxifloxacin‐containing four‐month ATT regimens Moxifloxacin‐containing four‐month ATT regimens that replaced ethambutol or isoniazid probably increased the proportions who experienced relapse after successful treatment compared to standard ATT regimens (RR 3.56, 95% CI 2.37 to 5.37; 2265 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). For death from any cause, there was probably little or no difference between the two regimens (2760 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Treatment failure was rare, and there was probably little or no difference in proportions with treatment failure between ATT regimens (2282 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). None of the participants given moxifloxacin‐containing regimens developed resistance to rifampicin, and these regimens may not increase the risk of acquired resistance (2282 participants, 3 trials; low‐certainty evidence). Severe adverse events were probably little or no different with moxifloxacin‐containing four‐month regimens that replaced ethambutol or isoniazid, and with three‐ to four‐month regimens that augmented standard ATT with moxifloxacin, when compared to standard six‐month ATT regimens (3548 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Gatifloxacin‐containing four‐month ATT regimens Gatifloxacin‐containing four‐month ATT regimens that replaced ethambutol probably increased relapse compared to standard six‐month ATT regimens in adults with drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.84; 1633 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). The four‐month regimen probably made little or no difference in death compared to the six‐month regimen (1886 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Treatment failure was uncommon and was probably little or no different between the four‐month and six‐month regimens (1657 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Acquired resistance to isoniazid or rifampicin was not detected in those given the gatifloxacin‐containing shortened ATT regimen, but we are uncertain whether acquired drug resistance is any different in the four‐ and six‐month regimens (429 participants, 1 trial; very low‐certainty evidence). Serious adverse events were probably no different with either regimen (1993 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Authors conclusions Evidence to date does not support the use of shortened ATT regimens in adults with newly diagnosed drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis. Four‐month ATT regimens that replace ethambutol with moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin, or isoniazid with moxifloxacin, increase relapse substantially compared to standard six‐month ATT regimens, although treatment success and serious adverse events are little or no different. The results of six large ongoing trials will help inform decisions on whether shortened ATT regimens can replace standard six‐month ATT regimens. 9 December 2019 Up to date All studies incorporated from most recent search All eligible published studies found in the last search (10 Jul, 2019) were included