Banach Spaces and Hilbert Spaces

Abstract

A sequence {vj} is said to be Cauchy if for each > 0, there exists a natural number N such that ‖vj−vk‖ < for all j, k ≥ N . Every convergent sequence is Cauchy, but there are many examples of normed linear spaces V for which there exists non-convergent Cauchy sequences. One such example is the set of rational numbers Q. The sequence (1.4, 1.41, 1.414, . . . ) converges to √ 2 which is not a rational number. We say a normed linear space is complete if every Cauchy sequence is convergent in the space. The real numbers are an example of a complete normed linear space. We say that a normed linear space is a Banach space if it is complete. We call a complete inner product space a Hilbert space. Consider the following examples: 1. Every finite dimensional normed linear space is a Banach space. Likewise, every finite dimensional inner product space is a Hilbert space. 2. Let x = (x1, x2, ..., xn, ...) be a sequence. The following spaces of