Are Drosophila preferences for yeasts stable or contextual?

Abstract

Whether there are general mechanisms, driving interspecific chemical communication is uncertain. Saccharomycetaceae yeast and Drosophila fruit flies, both extensively studied research models, share the same fruit habitat, and it has been suggested their interaction comprises a facultative mutualism that is instigated and maintained by yeast volatiles. Using choice tests, experimental evolution, and volatile analyses, we investigate the maintenance of this relationship and reveal little consistency between behavioral responses of two isolates of sympatric Drosophila species. While D.\xa0melanogaster was attracted to a range of different Saccharomycetaceae yeasts and this was independent of fruit type, D.\xa0simulans preference appeared specific to a particular S.\xa0cerevisiae genotype isolated from a vineyard fly population. This response, however, was not consistent across fruit types and is therefore context-dependent. In addition, D.\xa0simulans attraction to an individual S.\xa0cerevisiae isolate was pliable over ecological timescales. Volatile candidates were analyzed to identify a common signal for yeast attraction, and while D.\xa0melanogaster generally responded to fermentation profiles, D.\xa0simulans preference was more discerning and likely threshold-dependent. Overall, there is no strong evidence to support the idea of bespoke interactions with specific yeasts for either of these Drosophila genotypes. Rather the data support the idea Drosophila are generally adapted to sense and locate fruits infested by a range of fungal microbes and/or that yeast-Drosophila interactions may evolve rapidly.