High contrast imaging of dental fluorosis in the short wavelength infrared (SWIR).

Abstract

Dental fluorosis is an increasing problem due to over exposure to fluoride from the environment. Fluorosis causes hypomineralization of the enamel during tooth development and mild fluorosis is visible as faint white lines on the tooth surface while the most severe fluorosis can result in pitted surfaces. It is difficult to quantify the severity of mild to moderate fluorosis and assessments are limited to subjective visual examinations. Dental fluorosis appears with very high contrast at short wavelength infrared (SWIR) wavelengths beyond 1400\u2009nm and we hypothesize that these wavelengths may be better suited for detecting mild fluorosis and for estimating the severity on tooth surfaces. In this study the contrast of fluorosis of varying severity on extracted human permanent teeth was measured at SWIR wavelengths ranging from 1300-2150\u2009nm using an extended range InGaAs camera and broadband light sources. The contrast was also measured in the visible range and with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) for comparison. The depth of hypomineralization and the integrated reflectivity were also measured with cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. The contrast of hypomineralization is significantly higher (P\u2009<\u20090.05) at 1460 and 1950\u2009nm wavelengths than for the visible, fluorescence or other SWIR wavelengths from 1300 to 2150\u2009nm. The highest correlation of the contrast with the depth of hypomineralization measured with CP-OCT was at 1950\u2009nm. This SWIR in vitro imaging study exploring wavelengths beyond 1400\u2009nm has shown that hypomineralization on tooth surfaces can be viewed with extremely high contrast at SWIR wavelengths from 1460 to 2000\u2009nm and that SWIR imaging has great potential for monitoring hypomineralization on tooth surfaces. New clinical methods are needed for the measurement of fluorosis that are valid, reliable, and feasible for surveillance at the community level. In addition, methods are needed for the quantitative assessment of fluorosis in vivo. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.