Spontaneous and instructed emotion regulation in dysphoria: Effects on emotion experience and use of other emotion regulation strategies

Abstract

Compared to healthy individuals, individuals with depressive symptoms are likely to respond to negative events by overusing maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies, which are associated with greater negative emotional intensity and intolerance. Research suggests that during negative event recall, self-distancing, a putatively adaptive ER strategy, is associated with decreases in maladaptive ER strategies (e.g., rumination), negative affect, and emotional intensity. However, less is known about the effects of self-distancing as a sad evocative event unfolds. Given that the experience of frequent and prolonged periods of sad emotion is characteristic of depressive syndromes, identifying a useful strategy to regulate emotion during sad events could help de-intensify and shorten those periods, which may ultimately reduce depression vulnerability. The present study examined spontaneous ER, instructed self-distancing, and their effects on emotion intensity and intolerance in dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals. Participants viewed sadness-inducing film clips, regulating emotions without specific instructions in one condition, and engaging in instructed self-distancing in the other. After each film, participants reported the intensity and intolerance of their emotions, and ER strategy use. The dysphoric group reported significantly greater intensity and intolerance of emotion than the nondysphoric group. Instructed self-distancing reduced emotional intensity more than spontaneous ER irrespective of group status, however it decreased rumination use only for the nondysphoric group. Decreased rumination use was associated with decreased emotion intensity and intolerance. Thus, promoting and monitoring the effectiveness of self-distancing may enhance ER. Pairing self-distancing with 2 other evidence-supported anti-rumination strategies may be needed to help reduce depression vulnerability more robustly.