Lower extremity endovenous reconstruction for symptomatic occlusive disease in pediatric patients: techniques, clinical outcomes, and long-term stent patencies

Abstract

BackgroundEndovascular stent reconstruction is the standard of care for chronic venous occlusive disease in adults, but it has not been reported in pediatric patients.ObjectiveThis study reports the technical success, complications, clinical outcomes, and stent patency of iliocaval stent reconstruction for chronic iliocaval thrombosis in pediatric patients.Materials and methodsFourteen patients, 13 (93%) male with a mean age of 16.4\xa0years (range: 8–20\xa0years), underwent iliocaval stent reconstruction for chronic iliocaval thrombosis. The mean number of prothrombotic risk factors was 2.5 (range: 0–4), including 7 (50%) patients with inferior vena cava atresia. At initial presentation, the Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology classification (CEAP) score was C3 in 2 (14%) patients, C4 in 11 (79%) patients, and C6 in 1 (7.1%) patient. Time course of presenting symptoms included chronic (>4\xa0weeks) (n=7; 50%) and acute worsening of chronic symptoms (2–4\xa0weeks) (n=7; 50%). Aspects of recanalization and reconstruction, stenting technical success, complications, clinical outcomes and stent patency were recorded. Clinical success was defined as a 1-point decrease in the CEAP. Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency were defined by Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe guidelines.ResultsMost procedures employed three access sites (range: 2–4). Intravascular ultrasound was employed in 11 (79%) procedures. Blunt and sharp recanalization techniques were used in 12 (86%) and 2 (14%) patients, respectively. Stenting technical success was 100%. Two (14%) minor adverse events occurred and mean post-procedure hospitalization was 2.8\xa0days (range: 1–8\xa0days). Clinical success rates at 2\xa0weeks, 6\xa0months and 12\xa0months were 85%, 82%, and 83%, respectively. At a mean final clinical follow-up of 88\xa0months (range: 16–231\xa0months), clinical success was 93%. Estimated 6- and 12-month primary stent patencies were 86% and 64%, respectively. Six- and 12-month primary-assisted and secondary stent patency rates were both 100%.ConclusionIliocaval stent reconstruction is an effective treatment for symptomatic chronic iliocaval thrombosis in pediatric patients with high rates of technical success, 6- and 12-month clinical success, and 6- and 12-month primary-assisted and secondary patency rates.