Effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in reducing duration of acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients in developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Acute diarrhea is one of the most frequent causes of doctor visits and hospital admissions for children. Our objective was to evaluate the association between probiotics administration and reduction of acute infectious diarrhea duration in children dwelling in developed countries. Bibliographic databases, gray literature, and reference lists were searched up to September 29, 2019. Double-blind, randomized controlled trials that examined probiotics efficacy in children with acute infectious diarrhea residing in developed countries were included. Data were synthesized by generic inverse variance method using fixed- and random-effects model. Twenty trials met the eligibility criteria (n = 3469 patients) and were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 19 studies in meta-analysis. Twelve trials (n = 840) were assessed as high/unclear risk of bias and eight (n = 2629) as low risk of bias. Comparisons revealed a moderate effectiveness of probiotics in low risk of bias studies (MD = − 13.45 h; 95% CI − 24.26, − 2.62; p = 0.02, Bayesian meta-analysis pooled effect MD = − 0.38, 95% CrI − 2.3, 1.58) and a notable effect in studies with high/unclear risk for bias (MD = − 19.70 h; 95% CI − 28.09, − 11.31; p = 0.0004). In trials of optimal methodological quality (n = 1989), probiotics effect was absent (MD = − 3.32 h; 95% CI − 8.78, 2.13, p = 0.23). Conclusion: Outcomes suggest that probiotics do not demonstrate sufficient clinical impact in reducing diarrhea duration in children in the developed countries. Systematic Review Registration: This review is registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020152966). What is Known: • Probiotics, due to the conflicting study results, are administered without adequate evidence as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for eliminating duration of acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients. What is New: • In developed countries, probiotics are demonstrated as ineffective in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhea in children. What is Known: • Probiotics, due to the conflicting study results, are administered without adequate evidence as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for eliminating duration of acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients. What is New: • In developed countries, probiotics are demonstrated as ineffective in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhea in children.