Comparing the Tongue and Lip Strength and Endurance of Children with Down Syndrome with Their Typical Peers Using IOPI

Abstract

Muscular hypotonia is a feature of Down syndrome (DS), and it affects the tongue and lips. A study on oral dysfunction in children with DS concluded that most of them did not have the tongue strength for completing the oral phase of swallowing. Recognizing the weakness of the oral muscles and improving its motor function positively affects mastication and swallowing, and prevents complications. This cross-sectional study aimed to measure the lip and tongue strength and endurance of children with DS and their typical peers, and compare these two groups with each other using Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). Eight children with DS and 33 typical children aged 8–13 years were enrolled in this study. To examine the effect of age on the tongue strength and endurance, we divided the children into three groups of 8–9, 10–11, and 12–13 years old. The results showed that both anterior and posterior tongue strength were significantly lower in children with DS (p\u2009=\u20090.004 and 0.003). But, it was not the case with tongue endurance. Also, in 10–11 years old age group, the mean posterior tongue strength and in 12–13 years old age group the lip endurance was significantly lower in children with DS (p\u2009=\u20090.05 for both). Lips strength and endurance were both remarkably lower in children with DS (p\u2009=\u20090.004 and 0.02). In this study, tongue, and lip strength and endurance in both children with DS and typical ones were measured with IOPI for the first time. Moreover, it provided quantitative data on the strength and endurance of the muscles of the tongue and lips, which can contribute to future studies.