Early detection of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease with the use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: correlations with Montreal Cognitive Assessment and smell identification test

Abstract

Cognitive function is often impaired in early Parkinson’s disease (PD). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological test of “set-shifting” ability. To see whether WCST is useful for detecting early changes of cognitive function in PD, we examined the correlations of WCST with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Odor Stick Identification Test (OSIT). Subjects were 48 PD patients (age 66\u2009±\u200910 years; Hoehn & Yahr stage 2.3\u2009±\u20090.8; mean duration 3.1\u2009±\u20092.5 years). WCST sub-scores for categories achieved (CA), perseverative errors of Nelson type (PEN), and difficulties of maintaining set (DMS) were evaluated. MoCA-J (Japanese version) and OSIT-J (Japanese version) were done in that order, followed by the WCST. In PD patients, CA was 2.2\u2009±\u20092.0, PEN was 7.0\u2009±\u20096.4, and DMS was 2.3\u2009±\u20092.0, and all were worse than those of age-matched normal subjects. MoCA-J scores significantly correlated with PEN. OSIT-J scores were also significantly correlated with CA and DMS. As MoCA-J and OSIT-J show high sensitivity and specificity for detecting mild cognitive impairment in PD, WCST may also be a useful supplementary diagnostic tool for early and mild cognitive impairment in PD patients.