On the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the equatorial Indian Ocean surface winds

Abstract

Variability of the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) winds play crucial roles in driving the upper EIO dynamics and modifying the ocean–atmosphere interactions in the Indian Ocean (IO). This study, using a satellite-sensed high-resolution (0.25°\u2009×\u20090.25°) monthly winds, has revealed many salient features of the seasonal and inter-annual variability of winds at various dynamically significant regions of the EIO. Though annual mean wind pattern of the EIO shows westerlies east of 60°E, the different local areas in this ocean exhibit significant seasonal wind variations. Migrations and fluctuations of southerlies and westerlies primarily determine the EIO wind variability. In the western (eastern) EIO, SW and NE monsoon winds are stronger (weaker) and of longer (shorter) duration. Near to the equator (1°S–1°N), in the central EIO, weaker winds occur during SW and NE monsoons, whereas stronger winds during transition periods. Near the equator, meridional winds show a significant annual period, especially in the western EIO. But zonal winds exhibit semi-annual period east of 55°E with a peak in the central ocean associated with the active westerlies during spring and fall, and annual period west of 55°E in the western EIO due to monsoon reversals. Westerlies are stronger during the fall compared to spring. Zonal wind variability in the central EIO is the essential deciding factor for the zonal wind variability occurring in the whole EIO. Both Zonal Sea Level Pressure Gradient (ZSLPG) and Momentum Advection (MA) fields determine the dynamics of zonal winds in the EIO. Zonal winds are weak in the western EIO because of the semi-annual harmonics of both ZSLPG and MA, though with substantial amplitude, exhibiting opposite accelerations there. But stronger zonal winds occur in the central EIO (60°E–80°E) because of the same accelerations set by the relatively weaker ZSLPG and MA fields. The zonal winds show substantial inter-annual variability compared to the meridional winds. The inter-annual variability of zonal winds shows the predominance of two modes, with EOF1 50% and EOF2 20% of the total variance. Zonal wind pattern of EOF1 resembles the monsoon transition seasons, while that of EOF2 describes the SW monsoon. In the EIO, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influences the patterns of winds and SST anomalies better than that of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Spatiotemporal variability of the EIO winds during ENSO and IOD indicates the prevalence of stronger zonal wind anomalies in the eastern and central EIO and weaker anomalies in the western EIO. Although spatial patterns of wind anomalies are similar during El Niño and Positive IOD (PIOD) periods, the monthly variations, spatial extensions, and intensities of anomalies are much different while comparing. Prospectus for understanding the EIO winds variations can help to understand the changes occurring in the wind-driven surface and subsurface zonal currents.