Looming Cognitive Style More Consistently Predicts Anxiety than Depressive Symptoms: Evidence from a 3-Wave Yearlong Study

Abstract

Background Individuals who possess the “Looming Cognitive Style” (LCS; Riskind et al. in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:837–852, 2000 ) are biased to perceive mental simulations of possible threats as dynamically emergent phenomena that are rapidly growing, approaching, and expanding in negative consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the LCS is a cognitive risk factor for anxiety and whether it tends to more consistently predict anxiety than depression over 6-month and 12-month time windows. Methods A cohort of Italian college students (N\u2009=\u2009187) were administered measures of the LCS, anxiety, and depression (the BAI and BDI-II) at baseline and then at two successive follow-up assessments 6 and 12 months later. Results After controlling for initial symptoms, the LCS and its subscales were generally found to predict 6\xa0months changes in anxiety symptoms but not 6\xa0months changes in depression. In further analyses of 12\xa0months changes, the effect sizes for LCS in predicting 12\xa0months change were equivalent to 6\xa0months change but attenuated in significance due to lower statistical power resulting from the exclusion of the 6\xa0months wave of data collection. Added to this, at 12\xa0months, the LCS physical threat subscale also emerged as a significant predictor of 12\xa0months changes in depression symptoms. Results showed, contrary to expectations of a “positive feedback loop” hypothesis, that anxiety did not predict future increases in LCS. Conclusions The LCS predicts anxiety and may do so more consistently than depression, at least in time windows of 6\xa0months of less. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential importance of dynamic threat parameters to anxiety that are not captured by other current putative vulnerability factors.