Biosorption of Cr(VI) by Halomonas sp. DK4, a halotolerant bacterium isolated from chrome electroplating sludge

Abstract

This study evaluated Cr(VI) biosorption by a halotolerant gram-negative bacterium Halomonas sp. DK4 isolated from chrome electroplating sludge. The bacterium could withstand high concentrations of Cr(VI) exhibiting a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 mg/L. Plackett–Burman design confirmed glucose, KH2PO4, NaCl, inoculum size, and initial Cr(VI) concentration as significant variables influencing the Cr(VI) removal ability of the bacterium. The suspended culture of Halomonas sp. DK4 was able to remove 81% (100 mg/L) of Cr(VI) in optimized MSM medium from aqueous solutions within 48 h. The bacterium also removed 59% Cr(VI) in the presence of 15% NaCl concentration within 72 h. The main mechanism involved in Cr(VI) removal by Halomonas sp. DK4 was determined to be biosorption which was best explained using the Langmuir isotherm model, wherein the maximum adsorption of 150.7 mg/g was observed under equilibrium conditions. Kinetic studies reveal that chemisorption of Cr(VI) by Halomonas sp. DK4 was a rate-limiting process which followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). Bacterial biomass exhibited maximum adsorption of 70.3% Cr(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L under optimal conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, and phosphate groups on the bacterial surface which may be involved in Cr(VI) adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis revealed morphological changes in the bacterial cell and accumulation of Cr(VI) on the cell surface. These results suggest the potential application of Halomonas sp. DK4 in the removal of Cr(VI) from saline chromium-containing industrial wastewaters.