Detection of microsleep states from the EEG: a comparison of feature reduction methods

Abstract

Microsleeps are brief lapses in consciousness with complete suspension of performance. They are the cause of fatal accidents in many transport sectors requiring sustained attention, especially driving. A microsleep-warning device, using wireless EEG electrodes, could be used to rouse a user from an imminent microsleep. High-dimensional datasets, especially in EEG-based classification, present challenges as there are often a large number of potentially useful features for detecting the phenomenon of interest. Thus, it is often important to reduce the dimension of the original data prior to training the classifier. In this study, linear dimensionality reduction methods-principal component analysis (PCA) and probabilistic PCA (PPCA)-were compared with eight non-linear dimensionality reduction methods (kernel PCA, classical multi-dimensional scaling, isometric mapping, nearest neighbour estimation, stochastic neighbourhood embedding, autoencoder, stochastic proximity embedding, and Laplacian eigenmaps) on previously collected behavioural and EEG data from eight healthy non-sleep-deprived volunteers performing a 1D-visuomotor tracking task for 1 h. The effectiveness of the feature reduction algorithms was evaluated by visual inspection of class separation on 3D scatterplots, by trustworthiness scores, and by microsleep detection performance on a stacked-generalisation-based linear discriminant analysis (LDA) system estimating the microsleep/responsive state at 1 Hz based on the reduced features. On trustworthiness, PPCA outperformed PCA, but PCA outperformed all of the non-linear techniques. The trustworthiness score for each feature reduction method also correlated strongly with microsleep-state detection performance, providing strong validation of the ability of trustworthiness to estimate the relative effectiveness of feature reduction approaches, in terms of predicting performance, and ability to do so independently of the gold standard. Graphical abstract Proposed microsleep detection system.