ADHD, stimulant medication use, and the risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Summary We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the relationships among a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the use of stimulant medication, and the risk of fracture. There was a significant positive association between ADHD and the risk of fracture. However, stimulant ADHD medication therapy appears to be associated with a reduced risk of fracture in patients with ADHD. Introduction ADHD is associated with an increased fracture risk due to a lack of impulse control. ADHD medication may have a protective effect via behavior modification. However, previous research found an adverse effect of stimulant use on bone mass. Therefore, this meta-analysis study assessed the relationships among ADHD, the use of stimulant medication, and fracture risk. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE from inception through December 2020. Random-effects models were used to determine overall pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The meta-analysis included 10 observational studies. Our results showed that ADHD diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of fracture (OR\u2009=\u20091.17; 1.01–1.35, p \u2009=\u20090.035). Notably, a higher risk of fracture (OR\u2009=\u20091.37, 95% CI 1.2–1.58, p \u2009<\u20090.001) was observed in non-stimulant-treated ADHD. However, no significant association, but a trend toward a lower risk, was observed for stimulant-treated ADHD patients compared with non-stimulant-treated ADHD patients (OR\u2009=\u20090.7, 95% CI 0.47–1.03, p \u2009=\u20090.073). In terms of fracture type, non-stimulant-treated ADHD was associated with traumatic fracture (OR\u2009=\u20091.79, 95% CI 1.54–2.08, p \u2009<\u20090.001) or stress fracture (OR\u2009=\u20091.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.2, p \u2009=\u20090.004) compared to healthy control (HC). In addition, further findings from our systematic review showed that the risk of traumatic (OR\u2009=\u20091, 95% CI 0.88–1.13, p \u2009=\u20090.954) or stress (OR\u2009=\u20090.84, 95% CI 0.62–1.14, p \u2009=\u20090.256) fracture was comparable between treated stimulant-ADHD patients and HC. Conclusions Individuals with ADHD are at higher risk of fracture than the general population. Stimulant ADHD medication appears to be associated with a lower risk of traumatic fracture but not with a higher risk of stress fracture.