Sea level rise undermines SDG2 and SDG6 in Pantai Acheh, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

For coastal communities living in low elevation Pantai Acheh of Penang, Malaysia, salinization of groundwater caused by sea level rise (SLR) could pose a daunting challenge to water supply and crop cultivation, thereby undermining local water security (SDG6) and food security (SDG2). Modelling analysis using MANTRA was performed to examine the sustainability of coastal groundwater and vegetation in Pantai Acheh in response to SLR. MANTRA was developed by linking two United States Geological Survey (USGS) simulation models known as MANHAM and SUTRA. Simulation analysis revealed that Penang Island does not have viable fresh groundwater. Further, a projected 1-m SLR may lead to a 22% loss in mangrove coverage within the study site, adversely impacting SDG2 and SDG6. Penang’s current water management practices are not sustainable to meet growing demand for freshwater and to overcome the impacts of global climate change (GCC). Hence, alternative water supply options such as rainwater harvesting, groundwater exploitation and consumer education deserve careful consideration and research to ensure a sustainable water future for Penang Island towards achieving SDG6 and SDG2. Key elements for achieving these two SDGs include adapting integrated coastal zone management and integrated water management to mitigate increased risk of floods and droughts due to GCC and SLR, and protecting mangrove forests and their ecosystem services from further degradation.