Running the Risk: Exercise and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the relationship between exercise and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) with regard to disease onset, diagnosis, progression, and clinical severity. This relationship forms the basis of the management recommendations for restricting physical activity in individuals with and at risk for ARVC. While ARVC can be challenging to diagnose, there are several diagnostic testing and imaging modalities that may help distinguish athletic heart remodeling from ARVC. There is an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in ARVC from endurance and competitive sports participation, including a dose-dependent relationship between exercise intensity and risk of disease penetrance and progression. High-intensity exercise can lead to earlier disease onset, increased penetrance, and clinical progression among individuals with and at risk for ARVC. Both amount and intensity of exercise are correlated with adverse outcomes, including ventricular arrhythmias and worsening biventricular function. All individuals with and at risk for ARVC should undergo detailed clinical phenotyping and risk stratification to reduce the risk of such outcomes, including sudden cardiac death. Consensus guidelines recommend against participation in competitive or high-intensity and endurance exercise for individuals with and at risk for ARVC.