Toxic Metabolic Encephalopathy in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Abstract

Toxic metabolic encephalopathy (TME) has been reported in 7–31% of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, some reports include sedation-related delirium and few data exist on the etiology of TME. We aimed to identify the prevalence, etiologies, and mortality rates associated with TME in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients. We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, observational cohort study among patients with reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalized at four New York City hospitals in the same health network between March 1, 2020, and May 20, 2020. TME was diagnosed in patients with altered mental status off sedation or after an adequate sedation washout. Patients with structural brain disease, seizures, or primary neurological diagnoses were excluded. The coprimary outcomes were the prevalence of TME stratified by etiology and in-hospital mortality (excluding comfort care only patients) assessed by using a multivariable time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for age, race, sex, intubation, intensive care unit requirement, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, hospital location, and date of admission. Among 4491 patients with COVID-19, 559 (12%) were diagnosed with TME, of whom 435 of 559 (78%) developed encephalopathy immediately prior to hospital admission. The most common etiologies were septic encephalopathy (n\u2009=\u2009247 of 559 [62%]), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (n\u2009=\u2009331 of 559 [59%]), and uremia (n\u2009=\u2009156 of 559 [28%]). Multiple etiologies were present in 435 (78%) patients. Compared with those without TME (n\u2009=\u20093932), patients with TME were older (76 vs. 62 years), had dementia (27% vs. 3%) or psychiatric history (20% vs. 10%), were more often intubated (37% vs. 20%), had a longer hospital length of stay (7.9 vs. 6.0 days), and were less often discharged home (25% vs. 66% [all P\u2009<\u20090.001]). Excluding comfort care patients (n\u2009=\u2009267 of 4491 [6%]) and after adjustment for confounders, TME remained associated with increased risk of in-hospital death (n\u2009=\u2009128 of 425 [30%] patients with TME died, compared with n\u2009=\u2009600 of 3799 [16%] patients without TME; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.52, P\u2009=\u20090.031), and TME due to hypoxemia conferred the highest risk (n\u2009=\u200997 of 233 [42%] patients with HIE died, compared with n\u2009=\u2009631 of 3991 [16%] patients without HIE; aHR 1.56, 95% CI 1.21–2.00, P\u2009=\u20090.001). TME occurred in one in eight hospitalized patients with COVID-19, was typically multifactorial, and was most often due to hypoxemia, sepsis, and uremia. After we adjustment for confounding factors, TME was associated with a 24% increased risk of in-hospital mortality.