The evolution of data gathering static and mobility models in underwater wireless sensor networks: a survey

Abstract

Underwater communication in underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is an emergent advance terminology for the discovery and monitoring of underwater resources and aquatic life. The deployed network UWSN, helps in determining the undiscovered resources like oil mines, sank ships, Bermuda triangle problem, and tectonic plate’s movement inside the water. Unearthing of these resources is difficult otherwise due to their distant locations below the water. Complete and correct collection of data from test site is very important aspect for successful implementation of any UWSN. This data can be related to either living organisms or non-living resources. Data gathering/collection in underwater conditions is a tedious task due to different ambiguities, such as sensors’ mobility due to water drift or ship movement, packet drop due to channel fading etc. It hinders the data gathering process through UWSNs. This article explains the concept of data gathering in UWSNs with the aid of a compressive literature survey, presents the classification of UWSNs based on routing and finding solution to the challenges faced during data gathering. Moreover, various existing data gathering approaches are analyzed through simulation in network simulator 2 (NS2). Quality of service (QoS) parameters like average energy consumption, delay, packet drop, delivery ratio is considered for simulations. Finally, the open issues and upcoming challenges requires to face during data gathering are deliberated.