Assessing Neuropsychological Functions in Middle Childhood: a Narrative Review of Measures and Their Psychometric Properties Across Context

Abstract

Background There is a significant number of neuropsychological measures for use among children aged 6–12\xa0years. However, most of these tests have been developed in high-income contexts (HICs). To avoid or to at least to minimize bias in assessment, most researchers carry out cultural adaptations of these tools. In selecting sub-tests to adapt before using the entire test battery, researchers would benefit from having a reference source summarizing available tools and how easily they can be used in different context. This is where the paper makes a contribution. This narrative review has a twofold aim: first, to identify tools commonly used among 6–12-year-olds; second, to summarize the psychometric properties of these tools especially emphasizing their usage across different cultural contexts. Methods We searched the literature from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2017 for tools used among children aged 6 to 12\xa0years. An extensive search of PubMed, Psych Info and Web of Science using the keywords (i) neuropsychological or neurocognitive with (ii) assessment or test was done. Results A hundred and forty-five papers out of 306 reported on psychometric properties of different tools including Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning—BRIEF (count\u2009=\u20096), Visual-Motor Integration—VMI (count\u2009=\u20096), the Test of Memory Malingering—TOMM (count\u2009=\u20096), MSVT (count\u2009=\u20096) and Continuous Performance Tests—CPT (count\u2009=\u20096). Forty-six percent of the papers reported studies conducted in the USA. Most of these studies were based in high-income countries, which further highlights the need to validate these measures for use in lower- and middle-income countries. Psychometric check was adequate in most tests for measuring executive functioning such as BRIEF, although tests such as CPT that measure complex attention had mixed findings. Moreover, we found that these studies addressed certain aspects of validity and or reliability while leaving out others; thus, a comprehensive picture is lacking. Conclusion We propose further studies to thoroughly investigate and report the psychometric properties of these measures, especially in lower- and middle-income countries.