Inhibition of S. mutans after nanoparticle mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on oral biofilm flow-cell system using laser or LED

Abstract

Purpose This study tested the effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) on single-species biofilm grown in a flow-cell system using methylene blue associated with nanoparticles of β-cyclodextrin and light sources of red laser or light-emitting diode (LED). Methods The flow-cell system comprised chambers for biofilm cultivation with S. mutans under continuous hydrodynamic conditions containing BHI supplemented with 1% sucrose (w/v). Biofilms were divided into six groups ( n \u2009=\u20096): C (control), P (photosensitizer\u2009+\u2009β-cyclodextrin), L (laser), LED (light-emitting diode), LP (laser\u2009+\u2009photosensitizer\u2009+\u2009β-cyclodextrin), and LEDP (LED\u2009+\u2009photosensitizer\u2009+\u2009β-cyclodextrin). Groups irradiated with laser were exposed to a low power light ( λ \u2009=\u2009660\xa0nm, 320\xa0J/cm 2 , 0.1\xa0W, 9\xa0J, 90\xa0s). Groups irradiated with LEDs were exposed to 12 LEDs ( λ \u2009=\u2009660\xa0nm, 8.1\xa0J/cm 2 , 0.09\xa0W/cm 2 , and 8.1\xa0J for 90\xa0s). The antibacterial potential of treatments was assessed by viable S. mutans counts of biofilm in selective medium. The vitality of intact biofilms was qualitatively evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis (CLSM). The data were analyzed by Welch’s one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe´s post-hoc tests ( p \u2009<\u20090.05). Results No reductions in the number of S. mutans for C, P, L, and LED groups were found ( p \u2009>\u20090.05). The number of S. mutans was significantly reduced in LP and LEDP groups ( p \u2009<\u20090.05) and LP had the lowest microbial numbers ( p \u2009<\u20090.05). Conclusion PACT protocol was effective in reducing S. mutans in the dynamic biofilm model tested using laser or LED. Furthermore, laser as a light source presented a better performance than LED.