Conclusions and Future Directions for Neurotechnology and Brain Stimulation Treatments in Pediatric Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Abstract

Abstract The chapters in this volume highlight the theoretical promise and preliminary data supporting the use of device-based treatments for pediatric Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Though there is much reason to be optimistic, the studies conducted to date with pediatric participants are almost exclusively small-scale and many are open-label, unblinded, nonrandomized trials or case reports. To date, there has not been any “Level 1” large-scale, placebo (sham)-controlled prospective clinical trial with unequivocal findings of any brain stimulation or device-based treatment approach in children with Psychiatric or Neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, at this time, there is insufficient evidence to offer brain stimulation or other neurotechnological approaches as “Evidence-Based Practice” in children. There remain unanswered questions regarding dosage, treatment target, and how and when to apply these interventions for optimal therapeutic effect. The extent to which these approaches can become “Evidence-Based” is dependent on the outcome of future, “Level 1” large-scale, placebo (sham)-controlled prospective clinical trials. These trials will require a multidisciplinary approach informed by clinical, neuroscience, and developmental experts. This is undoubtedly a challenging problem, but challenging problems require innovative solutions. If effective, these innovative, device-based, targeted interventions will markedly alter the way we treat children with Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental disorders.